Abstract Background: Mental health is one of the main dimensions of health and a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, which has a decisive impact on the quality of individual and social life. However, the increasing prevalence of mental disorders, especially in developing societies and among women, has doubled the need to design effective and accessible interventions. Physical activity, including resistance training, as a well-known non-pharmacological method, plays a significant role in improving indicators such as quality of life, anxiety, self-confidence, and body image. In addition to exercise, new technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) also help improve psychological functions by inducing lasting neural changes. Previous research shows that the combination of these two methods can produce powerful synergistic effects; however, most previous research has examined the combination of tDCS and aerobic exercise, and fewer studies have focused on the simultaneous effects of resistance training and tDCS. Also, most of these studies have been conducted on men and there is insufficient evidence for women. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of four weeks of resistance training combined with tDCS on various dimensions of mental health in young women. Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-sectional design. 24 female subjects with no history of exercise training participated in this study. After the groups were determined, all participants attended a briefing session, and in the same session, one repetition maximum was measured using an estimated method based on the guidelines provided for estimating one repetition maximum. One week after the briefing session, pre-test measurements were taken 4 days before the start of the first training session. After completing the measurements in the pre-test phase, the "anodal + training" group performed a resistance training program for 4 weeks along with receiving non-invasive anodal brain stimulation after each resistance training session. The "sham + exercise" group had the same routine as the first group for 4 weeks, but instead of receiving anodal stimulation, they received sham stimulation. 48 hours after the end of the last exercise session, post-test measurements were performed with a similar procedure to the pre-test. Considering the number of questionnaires used in this study and in order to prevent the process of completing the questionnaires from being boring, a 4-day period was considered before and after the intervention, and an attempt was made to present and complete 2 questionnaires to the participants each day, separately in the morning and afternoon. The mean values ??of the research variables were used in statistical analysis, and parametric statistical methods such as independent t-test, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in both anodal + exercise groups (p = 0.011) and sham + exercise (p = 0.033) decreased immediately after the intervention, but in the anodal stimulation group, this decrease remained stable in the four-week follow-up period (p = 0.008), while in the sham group, the level of anxiety increased again in the follow-up period (p = 0.014). In other variables including quality of life, mental health, sleep quality, body image dimensions, self-confidence and cognitive flexibility, the main effect of time was significant and a significant improvement was observed compared to before the intervention (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the self-concept variable, neither the group nor the time effect was significant.

   مقدمه:  استئوآرتريت زانو به عنوان يك بيماري تخريبي مفصلي شايع، با ايجاد درد و محدوديت حركتي، كيفيت زندگي سالمندان را به ويژه در زنان تحت تأثير قرار مي‌دهد. از آنجا كه فعاليت بدني نقش كليدي در مديريت اين عوارض ايفا مي‌كند، اين مطالعه به بررسي و مقايسه اثربخشي دو مداخله ورزشي متمايز، يعني پياده‌روي معمولي و پياده‌روي نورديك،   بر شاخص‌هايي چون درد، تعادل، عملكرد شناختي و ناتواني‌هاي مرتبط با استئوآرتريت زانو در زنان سالمند مي‌پردازد.

Endurance-based exhaustive activities induce widespread fatigue in the neuromuscular system and significant alterations in psychological indices, leading to impaired balance, reduced concentration, and increased perception of fatigue in athletes. In recent years, the use of sports mouth rinses has gained attention as a rapid-acting and non-invasive intervention, as they can influence psychological and motor performance without entering the bloodstream by stimulating oral receptors and activating central neural pathways. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two types of mouth rinses—caffeine and caffeine–carbohydrate—on balance and psychological factors following exhaustive endurance exercise in male athletes. In this study, 20 healthy and physically active men aged 18 to 30 years with a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² were evaluated under three different intervention conditions—caffeine mouth rinse, caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse, and a control (placebo) condition—after performing an exhaustive endurance exercise. Static and dynamic balance, as well as psychological indices including perceived fatigue, arousal, and concentration, were measured before and after the intervention. The results indicated that both types of mouth rinses led to relative improvements in certain psychological and balance-related variables; however, the combined caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse demonstrated a stronger effect than caffeine mouth rinse alone in improving some indices. These findings suggest that the use of active mouth rinses, particularly the combined type, may serve as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of endurance-related fatigue and enhance the psychological and balance status of athletes.

   Abstract Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in children and is frequently accompanied by deficits in motor proficiency and behavioral self-regulation. Impairments in fine and gross motor skills, reduced motor coordination, and elevated behavioral symptoms are well documented in children with ADHD. Previous research suggests that motor-based interventions and vitamin D supplementation may enhance neuromuscular functioning and behavioral outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the effects of play therapy based on the Ball School approach, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination on motor proficiency and behavioral symptom severity in girls aged 10–12 years with ADHD. Research Method: This semi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. After screening using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5) and clinical confirmation, 60 girls with ADHD were randomly assigned to four groups: play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, combined intervention (play therapy + vitamin D), and control. Interventions were administered for eight weeks. Motor proficiency was assessed using the BOTMP-2 (total, fine, and gross motor scores), and behavioral symptoms were evaluated using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA while controlling for pretest scores. Results: The type of intervention had a significant effect on total motor proficiency, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and ADHD-RS(DSM-5) behavioral symptoms (p < 0.001). All three interventions demonstrated significant improvements compared with the control group. The combined intervention showed the greatest overall improvements in motor proficiency; however, its superiority over the single interventions was not consistently significant across all variables. For behavioral symptoms ADHD-RS(DSM-5), all interventions produced comparable reductions in symptom severity with no significant differences among the three treatment groups. Conclusion: The findings indicate that play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination are effective in enhancing motor proficiency and reducing ADHD-related behavioral symptoms in children. The combined intervention appears to offer added benefits in some motor domains, supporting a multidimensional approach to rehabilitation. Integrating structured motor activities with nutritional support may provide an efficient and practical strategy for improving functional outcomes in children with ADHD. Keywords: ADHD; Motor proficiency; Play therapy; Ball School; Vitamin D; BOTMP-2; ADHD-RS(DSM-5); Children

   Objective: ADHD is characterized by a combination of inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that physical activity in the form of play plays an important role in the pathophysiology and management of ADHD. In addition, considering the vital role of vitamin D in the proper functioning of the central nervous system and mental health, the use of this vitamin can improve the symptoms of these patients as a complementary therapy and an effective adjunct. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brain ball exercises on executive function in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research Method: For this purpose, 60 students with ADHD participated in this study based on the ADHD Rating Scale DSM-5 diagnostic questionnaire for parents and teachers and under the supervision of a psychologist and were randomly assigned to one of the control groups (15 people), the vitamin D group (15 people), the Brain ball group (15 people), and the vitamin D + Brain ball group (15 people). For evaluation, analysis of Go/No Go, Stroop Color-Word and N-Back tests was used before and after the intervention. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Normal distribution was examined with (Shapiro-Wilk test) and alignment with (Levene test). Differences between groups were determined using two-way analysis of variance. If significant, Bonforni post hoc test was used to find the location of the differences. Analyses were performed using    software and the significance level was determined as P ? 0.05. Findings: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises caused a significant decrease in the score and interference time in the Stroop Color-Word test. In the N-Back test, the number of correct responses increased significantly and the number of incorrect responses decreased significantly, but no significant difference was observed in the average response time. In the Go-No-Go test, the presentation error and omission error were significantly reduced and the inhibition score was significantly increased, but there was no significant effect on the average response time, and finally the ADHD level was significantly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises can improve executive function and ADHD level in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome.

  Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis causes disability in the simplest daily activities and fatigue in the lower extremities. Based on the findings of previous studies, non-invasive brain stimulation as a new therapeutic strategy has played a significant role in increasing the excitability of motor neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of closed motor chain training following seven consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) on pain, balance, and motor function in women with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 female patients with inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of the tDCS, tPCS, and control groups. The experimental group received real stimulation for 7 sessions and the control group received sham stimulation, then underwent closed motor chain training for 12 sessions (3 sessions per week) over a period of one month. Before and after the study interventions, pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), balance with the PT-Scan, knee joint proprioception with the inclinometer, quadriceps muscle electrical activity with the EMG, and motor function with the UGT and 40M tests were assessed by an evaluator. Findings:The findings of the present study, based on within-group comparison, showed that after five weeks of intervention, in all three groups of CKC exercises with tDCS stimulation, tPCS stimulation and the control group, the variables of static balance in the open eye state, knee proprioception, electrical activity and lower limb muscle strength had positive and significant improvements (p=0.001); and the results of the one-way ANOVA test in the between-group comparison of post-test data in these factors indicated a positive effect of the interventions on the aforementioned variables. However, there was no significant difference in the variables of pain intensity, fatigue, motor function (40-meter walk, going up and down stairs and UGT, WOMAC test), knee instability intensity, plantar pressure distribution and static balance in the closed eye state. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the closed motor chain training protocol and non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) both had a significant effect on the research variables. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, pain, fatigue, motor function, instability, proprioception, balance, closed-chain motor exercises, muscle electrical activity, tDCS, tPCS.

The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province and provide solutions. The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory with Glaser's approach). The statistical population of the present study was experts (professors, coaches, experts, and athletes) active in the field of women's sports. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 16 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was 0.86. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province include: economic challenges, cultural-social challenges, sports challenges, management challenges, legal-legal challenges, media challenges, and political challenges. Each of these obstacles had its own conceptual and open codes. And appropriate solutions were presented against these obstacles. Based on the findings of the present study, we conclude that examining the status of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province shows that various obstacles affect their growth and participation. Therefore, serious attention to the development of infrastructure, financial and managerial support, and reforming cultural attitudes can increase opportunities for progress. Therefore, designing comprehensive and localized solutions to remove these obstacles is essential.   

چكيده زمينه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير هشت هفته تمرينات تناوبي با شدت بالا بر برخي شاخص­هاي التهابي در زنان مبتلا به بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي اجرا شد. روش‌شناسي: در اين مطالعه 26 زن داراي كبد چرب غير الكلي شركت كردند.آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي به دو گروه مساوي 13 نفره ،كنترل و تمرين تقسيم شدند.برنامه گروه تمريني به صورت دويدن تناوبي به مدت30 ثانيه با شدت100درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه و30 ثانيه بازيافت فعال با50 درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه (4 نوبت،4دور و 5دقيقه بازيافت غير فعال بين هر دور)بود. اين برنامه تا هفته هشتم به 110 درصد (6 دور و 6 نوبت )افزايش يافت ، سه جلسه در هر هفته و طي هشت هفته اجرا شد. در ابتدا و انتهاي تمرين ميزان سطوح سرمي آنزيم­هاي كبدي، نيمرخ ليپيدي ،قند خون، انسولين، سيتوكين­هاي التهابي­، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، شاخص‌‌هاي تركيب بدن و VO?max،CRP ،هورمون كورتيزول در خون ارزيابي شد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها از روش آماري آنواي دوراهه با اندازه‌‌گيري مكرر و نرم افزار    با سطح معناداري 0.05 >    جهت تعيين تفاوت ها استفاده شد. يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق نشان داد   تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا در زنان مبتلا به كبد چرب غير الكلي منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن ،كورتيزل ، IL-6، CRP،   ALT،AST،TC، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، ،LDL شد. نشان داد تمرين HIIT منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن، BMI، گلوكز ناشتا، انسولين، HOMA-IR، CRP، IL-6، ALT، AST، TC و كورتيزول شد(0.05 >    ). همچنين، بهبود معناداري در VO?max و نسبت دور كمر به لگن مشاهده شد(0.05 >    )، اما تغييرات در HDL، TG و ALP بين گروه‌ها معنادار نبود(0.05 <    ). نتيجه‌گيري: اين نتايج پيشنهاد مي‌كنند كه تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا با كاهش عوامل خطر مرتبط با سندرم متابوليك و التهاب، مي‌تواند روشي موثرو كم‌هزينه در بهبود و كنترل پيشرفت بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي محسوب شود. اين يافته‌ها مي‌توانند مبنايي براي تدوين برنامه‌هاي ورزشي درمان‌محور در حوزه سلامت زنان باشند. كليدواژه‌ها: تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا، كبد چرب غيرالكلي، كورتيزول،اينترلوكين6، CRP، نيمرخ ليپيدي،آنزيم كبدي.   

The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools (case study: dodgeball game). The research method is qualitative (grounded theory with Glaser approach). The statistical population of the present study was experts (professors, teachers, school administrators, organizers, and area experts) active in the field of student sports. The snowball sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview. It was conducted with 15 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.80. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: equipment challenges for playing Dejball, skill and educational challenges for teachers, psychological, social, and behavioral challenges for students, participatory and gender justice challenges, and executive, organizational, and planning challenges. The opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: educational and training opportunities, cultural and social opportunities, psychological and behavioral opportunities, educational and professional opportunities for teachers, infrastructure and logistics development opportunities, creating cooperation networks between schools, and personal development opportunities for students. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study in the field of educational and training opportunities, the implementation of this project can lead to improving basic sports skills, strengthening the spirit of cooperation, compliance with the rules, and increasing problem-solving abilities in students.   

   Abstract In recent decades, the concept of body management—particularly among women—has emerged as a significant issue in the fields of health, sociology, and sports studies. Women who are members of sports clubs face various challenges in reconciling beauty standards, athletic requirements, and cultural expectations, all of which influence their attitudes toward their bodies. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the attitudes of female sports club members in Kermanshah regarding body management. This applied research employed a descriptive–survey method. The statistical population consisted of all women registered in public and private sports clubs in Kermanshah in the year 2024. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 items covering five dimensions: individual–psychological, social, cultural, media-related, and economic. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, and data analysis was conducted using    and SmartPLS software through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that the media-related factor had the greatest impact on women's attitudes toward body management, followed by the psychological, cultural, social, and economic dimensions. The findings revealed that social comparison, body image, cultural norms, and financial access are key components influencing women's motivations to control, modify, or enhance their bodies. In conclusion, body management among female athletes in Kermanshah is a multidimensional phenomenon influenced by media, social structures, and individual cognition. Therefore, designing educational, media, and support policies tailored to psychological and cultural contexts can improve attitudes and promote women's physical and mental well-being. Keywords: Body Management, Women's Attitudes, Social Media, Women's Sports, Cultural Factors                  

         Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis among people over 65 years of age, who usually experience pain and increased difficulty in daily functional activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of neuromuscular training in water and transcranial direct current (tDCS) movement on pain, function, physical instability, and quality of life in women with knee osteoarthritis with a hollowing feature. Materials and Methods: The present study, which is a clinical trial with parallel groups, double-blind, sham-controlled, and pretest-posttest design, was conducted. 40 patients with hollowing-feature knee osteoarthritis (mean age: 90.55 ± 9.35, height: 157.70 ± 4.80, weight: 78.55 ± 8.66, body mass index: 61.31 ± 2.21) were recruited as a statistical sample in existing companies. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the aquatic neuromuscular training group combined with transcranial direct current movement (r-tDCS) (n=20) and the aquatic neuromuscular training group with sham movement (sh-tDCS) (n=20). Both groups received aquatic neuromuscular training three sessions per week for six weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes, with the difference that subjects in the r-tDCS group demonstrated real movement and in the sh-tDCS group demonstrated sham movement. In the past, pain with visual analog speed, motor power test by 3-meter walk, 40-meter walk and time to climb and descend 8 standard stairs by stopwatch, performance with questionnaire (WOMAC), knee instability with Felson, target movement phobia with experimental error of inclinometer, quality of life with questionnaire Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Hip Quality of Life Questionnaire (OAKHQOL), plantar pressure with PT scan, power of force acting on the knee by hand dynamometer and lower limb kinematic evaluation using videos recorded by two cameras in two sagittal and frontal and frontal devices and analysis. After six weeks of intervention, the study messages were re-examined. For data analysis and analysis, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures was used by    software version 27. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, adding transcranial direct current (tDCS) (anodal M1) to neuromuscular training in water enhances the mechanisms of pain and the brain's response to analgesic training and is clinically more effective for improving quality of life, motor function, and reducing the severity of knee instability and motor movements in patients with fear.    Keywords: Neuromuscular training, water therapy, transcranial direct current (tDCS), knee osteoarthritis, knee instability, performance, quality of life, pain

   پيـش­زميـنه و اهداف: اضافه وزن و چاقي از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز طيف گسترده­اي از بيماري‌‌ها هستند. از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز اضافه وزن و چاقي مي­توان به ولع مصرف غذا، رفتارهاي تكانشي و تصميم­هاي با ريسك­ بالا در انتخاب و مصرف مواد غذايي اشاره نمود. از اين رو، استفاده از استراتژي­هاي موثر در كاهش ولع مصرف غذا و افزايش كنترل و مهار دروني همواره مورد توجه بوده است. نتايج تحقيقات متعدد آثار مثبت فعاليت بدني منظم را در كاهش ولع مصرف و افزايش مهار دروني نشان داده است. با اين حال، تاكنون پژوهشي در خصوص بررسي آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق انجام نشده است. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.    روش تحقيـق: بدين منظور، تعداد 15 زن داراي اضافه وزن و چاق كه داراي ولع مصرف غذا نيز بودند به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. آزمودني­ها به­صورت انتساب تصادفي در سه گروه مداخله شامل 1) تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط؛ 2) تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و 3) كنترل تقسيم­بندي شدند. در يك جلسه توجيهي، ويژگي­هاي آنتروپومتريك آزمودني­ها اندازه­گيري شد و آزمودني­ها با چگونگي انجام تمرينات هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا آشنا شدند. پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي و آشنايي آزمودني­ها با كليه مراحل پژوهش، آزمودني­ها در سه جلسه مجزا با فاصله 7 روز بين هر جلسه در محل اجراي پژوهش حضور يافتند   و در اين سه جلسه به صورت موازنه متقابل در معرض سه شرايط مختلف تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط، تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و گروه كنترل قرار گرفتند. در هر سه شرايط مراحل اجراي پژوهش يكسان بود. گروه كنترل در تمام اين مدت روال عادي زندگي را داشت و هيچ نوع مداخله­اي را دريافت ننمود. ولع مصرف غذا، ميزان اشتها، ترجيح غذايي، تكانشگري، تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير و انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط مشابه اندازه­گيري شدند. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت معني­داري در ولع مصرف غذا در پرسشنامه 15 سوالي بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. مقياس آنالوگ بصري ولع مصرف غذا   (مقياس بصري 12 سوالي) در شرايط تمرين هوازي و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. همچنين، 24 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ولع مصرف غذا در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود.متغير ميزان اشتها نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان اشتها   بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. اما درمورد ترجيح غذايي نتايج نشان داد كه پس از اتمام مداخلات، ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكلي معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. در مورد متغير تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير نيز نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. با اين وجود متغير انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي در شرايط تمرين هوازي به شكلي معني­داري بالاتر از شرايط كنترل بود.    نتيـجه­گيـري: با توجه به نتايج پژوهش حاضر مي­توان چنين نتيجه­گيري نمود كه تمرينات هوازي و تناوبي اثر مثبتي بر ولع مصرف غذا دارند. همچنين تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا اثر معناداري بر ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) دارد و تمرين هوازي نيز اثر مثبتي بر انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي دارد.چنين نتايجي به لحاظ كاربردي بسيار حائز اهميت مي‌باشد، گرچه لازم به ذكر است كه انجام مطالعات بيشتر جهت تاييد اين پروتكل و مكانيسم‌هاي دخيل در آن ضرورت دارد.    كلمات كليدي: تمرين هوازي، تمرين مقاومتي، ولع مصرف غذا، تكانشگري، تصميم­گيري ريسك پذير، چاقي و اضافه   و ترجيح غذايي.

  ackground: and Objective: Neck pain is one of the most disabling factors in the world, causing severe disability in performing daily and occupational tasks. One of the ways to reduce neck pain is to use massage therapy, which has been used in recent years. Some people with chronic neck pain also use kinesiotape. However, it is not clear to what extent this type of exercise is beneficial for neck pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of massage + kinesiotape and massage on forward head tilt, VAS, neck muscle strength, neck range of motion, and neck proprioception in women with chronic no  ecific neck pain. Methods: In this study, 33 women with chronic neck pain (28 remained until the end of the study) were randomly divided into two groups: massage exercises + kinesiotape and massage exercises. The exercise program was performed for 4 weeks (12 sessions) for both groups and kinesiotape for the massage + kinesiotape group; a pre-test was taken 24 hours before the start of the exercise protocol and a post-test was taken one day after the end of the exercise protocol. The statistical method of the paired t-test was used to examine intra-group changes, and the independent t-test was used for comparison between groups. All calculations were performed with    version 26 software, and a significance level of P > 0.05 was considered. Findings: Based on the findings of the present study, head forward, VAS, neck muscle strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), neck range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), quality of life, NDI, depression scale, anxiety, stress, fear of movement, pain self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing increased after the exercise protocol in both groups. Also, there was a significant difference in NDI, stress, fear of movement, pain self-efficacy, VAS, neck muscle strength (flexion, left lateral and right lateral), and neck range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) between the two groups, and massage + kinesiotape had a better effect. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that 4 weeks of massage practice improves chronic neck pain, and massage practice + kinesiotape has a better effect on neck healing.

   Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems of the new era among young smartphone users worldwide. Portability leads to a wide variety of postures during different activities of the day. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the time of mobile phone use and body posture during use among male students of Razi University. It is hypothesized that body postures vary depending on the time of day; therefore, musculoskeletal disorders may also vary. Methods: The present study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 351 male students at Razi University with a mean age of (24/26±3/83) years, mean height of (1/79±0/06) cm, and mean weight of (77/82±10/95) kg. Four time periods of the day, namely morning, afternoon, evening and night, and a >Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, different times of using a mobile phone during the day and body position have an effect on the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in male students and can increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.    Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, mobile phones, Razi University students, usage time, ergonomic assessment.

Background: In the most recent studies, findings indicate that if transcranial directcurrent stimulation is applied as bilateral stimulation to both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the posterior-lateral prefrontal area (DLPFC) causes Corticospinal excitability will increase. Paying attention to this strategy became more important when the results of studies showed that the use of this type of stimulation can be more durable. On the other hand, another type of transcranial electrical stimulation called pulsed current stimulation has been associated with more positive effects compared to direct current stimulation. Therefore, according to the fact that, so far, no research has been done on the effect of bilateral stimulation either in the form of direct current or in the form of pulsed current on muscle performance in women, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of bilateral transcranial stimulation in the form of direct current or pulsed current on performance. Muscular as well as neurophysiological responses in submaximal isotonic contractions in healthy and active women.Research method: 15 subjects with a history of regularly performingresistance exercises participated in this research in an intra-group and counterbalanced design in a double-blind, placebo-controlled (Sham). For this purpose, in a briefing session, after familiarizing the subjects with the steps of the research and measuring the anthropometric characteristics, their maximum repetition in the desired movement was measured. One week after the orientation session, the subjects were randomly exposed to 3 different conditions in three separate sessions with a one-week interval between the sessions: 1) Dual-site stimulation of the transcranial direct current and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement stopped; 2) Dual-site stimulation of transcranial pulse current and performing 3 sets until leg press movement sto   and 3) sham stimulation and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement was stopped.Findings: The results of the present study showed that muscle pain in all conditionsincreased significantly from the first set to the third set (all p<0.05) andthe results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set of the leg press, the amount of muscle pain in the condition Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current was significantly lower than sham conditions (respectively: p=0.04; p=0.03). Also, the level of pleasure in all conditions decreased from the first set to the third set (all p < 0.05) and the results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set, the performance of the leg press movement felt pleasure in the conditions of Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current. It was significantly higher than the sham condition (respectively: p=0.01; p=0.03). In addition, the results showed that the choice   reaction time in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation after the implementation of the training protocol was significantly lower than the conditions before the implementation of the training protocol (p<0.004), while in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial pulsed current stimulation and sham showed no significant difference in the choice reaction time variable from before to after the implementation of the training protocol (p>0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the variable of inhibitory control, Rating of Perceived Exertion, the level of felt arousal and muscle function (number of repetitions to exhaustion) between any of the stimulation conditions (p>0.05).Conclusion:

   Abstract Neck pain is one of the common problems in human societies and it causes spine injuries, disability, reduced quality of life and fear of movement. Also, neck pain causes neck abnormalities, such as forward head posture, and this condition causes postural abnormalities, discomfort, pain, and neck weakness. One of the ways to reduce neck pain is the use of massage therapy, which in recent years has been used in active release technique and myofascial release technique training methods; However, it is not known to what extent this type of exercise is useful for neck pain, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of active release and myofascial release on forward head posture, visual analogue scale (VAS), neck muscle strength, range of motion, neck proprioception, and quality of life, NDI, scale of depression, anxiety, stress, fear of tempo movement, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing in female students with non-specific chronic neck pain. In this research, 45 women patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people: active release exercises, myofascial release exercises, and control. Each group received a 2 weeks (6 sessions) treatment; 24 hours before the start of the pre-test exercise protocol and one day after the end of the exercise protocol, the post-test was taken. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, dependent t-test and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software. Based on the findings of the present study, there was a significant increase in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) were observed in the active release group, P<0.05. Also, in the myofascial release group in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion) , extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) a significant increase was observed P<0.05. However, no significant increase was observed in the control group, and no significant effect was observed in the data of fear of tempo movement, forward head posture in any of the groups. It seems that active release and myofascial release exercises play an important role in improving quality of life, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, neck muscle strength, range of motion, and neck proprioception. Keywords: neck pain, forward head posture, active release, myofascial release.

Abstract Background: Most anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in non-contact situations such as cutting and landing. Fatigue may alter the biomechanics of the lower limbs during these activities, leading to a higher likelihood of non-contact ACL injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of trunk muscle and neuromuscular fatigue on lower limb function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time in elite athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 32 elite athletes who met our inclusion criteria. Demographic characteristics and baseline assessments were performed in the first session. During the second session, participants were assigned an accident scenario involving neuromuscular or trunk muscle fatigue, followed by the post-test conducted immediately after the onset of fatigue (reaching 80% vertical jump height). Subsequently, a 72-hour period of rest was allocated to alleviate the effects of fatigue. Following this, the subjects were subjected to cross-over fatigue, and the test was taken immediately afterward. Lower extremity function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time were assessed before and immediately after fatigue protocols as study outcome measures. Lower limb performance with four tests of single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, timed hop test and 6-meter, and triple-crossover hop for distance, lumbopelvic control with lateral step down, landing mechanics by The Landing Error Scoring System-Real Time and video camera and analysis of landing video with Kinovea 0.9.5 and Digimizer software, to check knee control, electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, by electromyography device, dynamic balance With the Y test, plantar pressure distribution with PT-scan device, reaction speed of subjects' reaction with multiple choice reaction timer device were evaluated as study outcomes. Results: The results of one way ANOVA test showed that after trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue There is a significant difference in Y balance test scores, lower limb function tests, feedforward electrical activity of muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, landing mechanics and lumbopelvic control (P<0.05). Next, the results of the one way ANOVA test showed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of elite athletes (P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue have an effect on the predictors of lower limb injury in elite athletes with repeated landings and can be a risk factor for the occurrence of lower limb injuries. However, they did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of the subjects. Key Words: Trunk muscle fatigue, neuromuscular fatigue, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, balance, knee joint control, injury, elite athletes      

Background: Improving sports performance and speeding up the recovery process following sports meetings or competitions is one of the main priorities of athletes and sports coaches. This has led to the use of new strategies and approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulation is one of the relatively new approaches in the field of sports science, and the results of various studies in the past two decades have shown the positive effects of this intervention on various aspects of sports performance. However, the use of this method has often been in a single session and just before performing a sports activity, which is not very practical in real conditions. Therefore, in the current study, taking into account the research gaps in this field and using recent findings regarding the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation, the effects of three consecutive sessions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation on sports and cognitive performance, answer Psycho-physiological and recovery were investigated in endurance trained women. Methods: In terms of methodology, the present study was a semi-experimental study with an intergroup research design in a two-way blind and with the control of the placebo effect (sham). 26 endurance trained female subjects participated in this research. Each subject attended a total of 8 separate sessions in the laboratory. In the first session, anthropometric measurements and familiarization with the research implementation process were performed. In the second session, maximum power output (PPO) was measured using the Astrand test for women. The third session was considered to measure the basic values ??of choice reaction time (CRT), Stroop test (SCWT), explosive power (SJT) and 3 km time trail (3Km TT). After that, the subjects who were randomly divided into groups of Dual-site anodal stimulation (M1 and DLPFC areas) or sham stimulation received stimulation specific to their group in 3 consecutive sessions with an interval of 24 hours between each session. (fourth to sixth session). 24 hours after the last stimulation session, in the seventh session, each subject performed a residual endurance activity with an intensity equal to 75% PPO, and during the performance of the activity, the amplitude of the quadriceps muscles (EMG), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), pain sensation, pleasure sensation and level of arousal were evaluated and recorded; After reaching the exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded and immediately SJT, 3Km TT, CRT and SCWT were measured again. Finally, 24 hours after the implementation of the residual endurance activity and in the last session, the mental indicators of recovery (WBQ and TQR questionnaires), CRT, SCWT, SJT and 3Km TT were measured and recorded. The average values ??of the research variables were used in the statistical analysis, and the parametric statistical methods of t-independent, mixed two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and non-parametric statistical methods of Friedman and Man- Whitney was used for statistical analysis of data. Findings:

  بسياري از ورزشكاران رشته‌هاي قدرتي و تركيبي براي تحريك عضلات به رشد، به دنبال راه‌هايي براي افزايش ترشح GH هستند. استفاده از هورمون‌هاي پپتيدي نظير GH توسط سازمان جهاني مبارزه با دوپينگ از سال 1989 ممنوع شده است. درنتيجه ورزشكاران به دنبال استفاده از مكمل‌هاي مجازي هستند كه سبب افزايش ترشح GH شوند. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي تاثير شش هفته تمرين تركيبي با مكمل دهي خارخاسك بر هورمون رشد در ورزشكاران مرد آماتور رشته كراسفيت است. به همين منظور 30 ورزشكار در گروه هاي آزمايشي (تمرين &#43; مكمل، تمرين &#43; دارونما، تمرين) قرار مي گيرند و به مدت شش هفته تمرينات تركيبي را مي گذرانند. گروه تمرين&#43;مكمل پيش از آغاز هر جلسه تمرين، ميزان 450 ميلي‌گرم عصاره خارخاسك را به‌صورت يك كپسول ژلاتيني قبل از تمرين مصرف ميكنند و گروه تمرين&#43;دارونما، نيز يك كپسول ژلاتيني حاوي 450 ميلي گرم دارونما (نشاسته) با شكل و رنگ مشابه كپسول هاي خارخاسك را مصرف ميكنند. گروه تمرين نيز، فقط در جلسات تمريني شركت ميكنند. در پايان شش هفته تاثيرات بر روي سطح سرمي GH و افزايش قدرت ورزشكاران انداره گيري مي شود.

  In recent years, childhood obesity has become a widespread global issue. On the other hand, with the increase in the spread of the Covid-19 disease in the world and the imposition of restrictions, it has led to a further increase in overweight and obesity in children. Since obesity and thinness are important factors that threaten health, and dealing with them requires having information about their prevalence and risk factors, in order to improve habits related to nutrition and physical activity, as well as adopting preventive strategies in order to reduce the epidemic. Adolescent obesity, creating a better insight in relation to the interaction of physical activity, nutrition and the quality of life of adolescents seems necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the level of physical activity, obesity, eating behaviors and quality of life in male and female students after the covid-19 pandemic.

مواد و روش‌ها: براي اين پژوهش 90 سر موش‌ صحرايي نر چهارتا پنج‌هفته‌اي تشكيل خواهند داد؛ كه پس از دو هفته سازگاري با محيط جديد و القاي چاقي و ديابت، به‌طور تصادفي در نه گروه (با 10 سر موش در هر گروه) شامل: 1- كنترل (ديابت نوع 2)، 2- تمرين (ديابت نوع 2)، 3- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 4- تمرين + مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 5- دارونما (ديابت نوع 2)، 6- تمرين (سالم)، 7- تمرين+ مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم)، 8- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم) و 9- شم قرار خواهند ‌گرفت. برنامه­ي فعاليت بدني هوازي شامل گرم كردن، دويدن روي تردميل با شيب صفر درصد و سرد كردن در هشت هفته و پنج روز در هفته به مدت 60 دقيقه و با شدت 60-50 درصد VO2max خواهد بود. گروه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D و گروه تمرين به همراه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D رت‌هاي سالم و ديابتي در هر هفته 5000 واحد بين‌المللي ويتامين D را به‌صورت تزريقي دريافت خواهند‌ كرد. در صورت طبيعي بودن داده‌ها (آزمون شاپيرو)، تفاوت بين گروهي با استفاده از آزمون ANOVA يك طرفه بررسي خواهد شد و آزمون تعقيبي از نوع توكي خواهد بود؛ در غير اين صورت، آزمون ناپارامتريك استفاده مي‌شود؛ نرم‌افزار مورد استفاده    26 و سطح معناداري 05/0 خواهد بود.  

   Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of resistance training (ReT) and vitamin E supplementation (VES) on the serum levels of aminotransferases, C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRP2 and CTRP9), insulin resistance and sensitivity, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in men with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methodology: 40 patients with NAFLD (mean age 32.4 ± 8.2 years) participated in this 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. The subjects were assigned randomly into four groups (n=10) including PLB, VES, ReT + PLB, and ReT + VES. Vitamin E was consumed for a daily dose of 800 IU. ReT consisted of eight movements for the upper and lower body, with a frequency of three non-consecutive days per week, in three sets with an intensity of 60–85% of one repetition maximum (1RM), for 8–12 repetitions and 1-3 minute rest between each set. Also, the subjects received nutritional counseling. Anthropometric components, aminotransferase enzymes, lipid profile, AIP, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and sensitivity, white blood cells (WBCs) count, CTRP2, CTRP9, and 1RM were measured before and after the intervention. The normality of the data and the homogeneity of variance were confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levin tests, respectively. The within-group and between-group differences were analysed by paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test, respectively. The statistical analyses were conducted using    version 26 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Following the intervention, there was an improvment in the anthropometric components, lipid profile, AIP, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and 1RM in the ReT + PLB and ReT + VES groups, as compared to the pre-test and VES and PLB groups (p>0.05). The levels of aminotransferase enzymes in the VES, ReT + PLB, and ReT + VES groups were decreased compared to the pre-test and the PLB group (p>0.05); However, ReT + VES resulted in the highest reduction (p ? 0.01). The count of WBCs in the ReT + VES group decreased compared to the pre-test and the PLB group (p>0.05). The serum levels of CTRP2 and CTRP9 proteins also decreased in the ReT + PLB and ReT + VES groups compared to the pre-test and the VES and PLB groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions, including exercise and diet, resulted in positive changes in anthropometric indices, aminotransferase enzymes, lipid profile, AIP, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and strength. Vitamin E supplementation only lowered liver enzymes. However, the combination of ReT and VES caused the highest improvement in the liver enzymes and inflammatory status. Also, improving body composition led to a significant decrease in CTRP2 and CTRP9. Keywords: Resistance Training; Vitamin E; Insulin; Atherogenic Index of Plasma; CTR   NAFLD.

  پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبيين رابطه بين حساسيت به روابط بين فردي و عادت به برند هاي ورزشي با توجه به نقش ميانجي اشتياق برند انجام شد. روش اين پژوهش، توصيفي و از نوع مطالعات همبستگي مي‌باشد. روش تحقيق ميداني و پيمايشي بود و جامعه آماري شامل مشتريان برندهاي ورزشي بودند. از آن جا كه تعداد جامعه قابل شمارش نيست و مقدار بالايي را به خود اختصاص مي‌دهد. لذا حجم نمونه بر اساس جامعه نامحدود مد نظر است. از آنجا كه تعداد جامعه مشخص نمي‌باشد از فرمول كوهن براي برآورد حجم نمونه اسفاده شد. تعداد 385 پرسشنامه به طور صحيح بازگشت خورد و در تجزيه و تحليل‌ها از آن‌ها استفاده شد. اين پرسشنامه‌ها به دليل شيوع ويروس كرونا به صورت مجازي توزيع شد. براي سنجش شخصيت برند؛ از پرسشنامه باي و همكاران (2021) شامل 4 سؤال و يك مؤلفه؛ سنجش عادت به برند؛ از طريق پرسشنامه ماراد و كيواي (????) شامل 7 گويه و روابط بين فردي؛ از طريق پرسشنامه رويان و وايس (????) شامل سه سؤال استفاده شد. مي‌باشد. اين پرسشنامه در طيف 5 گزينه ليكرت متغيرهاي تحقيق را مورد سنجش قرار مي‌دهد. روايي صوري و محتوايي با استفاده از نظر 8 نفر از اساتيد مديريت ورزشي تأييد شد. روايي سازه با استفاده از آزمون تحليل عاملي تاييدي مورد تأييد قرار گرفت و پايايي متغيرها توسط آزمون آلفاي كرونباخ مورد تأييد قرار گرفت. در اين تحقيق جهت تجزيه وتحليل داده‌ها از دو روش آمار توصيفي وآمار استنباطي استفاده شد. از نرم افزارهاي    و LISREL جهت ارائه مدل استفاده شد. بر اساس يافته‌ها حساسيت به روابط بين فردي و عادت به برند هاي ورزشي با توجه به نقش ميانجي اشتياق برند رابطه مثبت و معناداري دارند. بر اين اساس مي توان پيشنهاد نمود كه يكي از مهم ترين برنامه هاي سازمان هاي ورزشي در راستاي بازاريابي ، توجه به نقش مثبت اشتياق برند است.

  Abstract:The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of plyometric, resistance, and Interval exercise methods on hemodynamic responses in male volleyball players. The statistical population of this study was male volleyball players aged 18 to 23 years in Kermanshah. The sample size was 15 male volleyball players from Kermanshah. In a within-group design, blood pressure and ankle-brachial index of subjects were measured on three different days with intervals of one week and each time before and after a bout of exercise. The exercise that subjects did on each of the visit days included resistance, plyometric or interval exercise. The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure after and before the exercise was considered as the post-exercise hypotension and the difference in the ankle-brachial index before and after the activity was considered as the change in the ankle-brachial index. The results showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a significant decrease in all three conditions of interval, resistance, and plyometric exercise compared to the resting level. However, post exercise systolichypotension after interval training was significantly more than resistance exercise (p=.012) as well as plyometric exercise (p<.001); and after resistance exercise was more than plyometric exercise (p<.001). Post exercise diastolichypotension after intermittent exercise was significantly more than plyometric exercise (p=.007); and after resistance exercise was more than plyometric exercise (p=.023), but there was no significant difference between the two types of interval and resistance exercise (p=.199). Ankle brachial index did not find any significant difference after any type of exercise. In addition, there was no significant difference between the changes of this index from rest to post-exercise between the three conditions. In the general conclusion, it can be stated that a bout of intermittent, resistance, or plyometric exercise can be associated with post-exercise hypotension in male volleyball players and the greatest drop ocuures after the intermittent, resistance, and plyometric exercise, respectively.Keywords:Post exercise hypotension, Blood pressure, Ankle Brachial Index, Interval exercise, Resistance exercise, Plyometric exercise, Volleyball

  AbstractIntroduction: In recent years, the consumption of carbohydrates and caffeine, the use of various mouthwashes have been seriously considered, so the purpose of the present research is the combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash on exercise, cognitive and perceptual performance during and after endurance activity under The condition was mental fatigue.Research method: The current research has a within-group research design, randomly in four groups of mental voice induction + combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two residual effects; 2) mental induction + placebo during the implementation of two stimulants 3 (combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two stimulants (without mental stimulation); 4) placebo during two stimulants (without mental induction) has been investigated .Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to adherence was higher than the Placebo and MF+Placebo conditions. Also, no significant difference in EMG was observed between the four different conditions. RPE in the CCMR condition was significantly lower than in the MF+PLA condition. On the other hand, the Stroop test in the CMR condition was significantly lower than the Placebo condition and the MF+Placebo condition as well as the MF+CCMR condition, but the reaction time Choice in CCMR conditions was significantly lower than MF+Placebo, as well as MF+CCMR and Placebo. Finally, the best sense of pleasure and the amount of pleasure in CCMR conditions was significantly higher than the other four conditions.Conclusion: According to the available results, it seems that carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash can have an ergogenic effect on submaximal endurance activity in mental work conditions by affecting the central and peripheral mechanisms.

   چكيده پيش زميـنه و اهداف: اعتياد به موادمخدر به عنوان يك بيماري مزمن و عودكننده كه از اثرات طولاني‌مدت داروها برمغز ناشي مي‌شود، تعريف مي‌شود. اعتياد به موادمخدر به طور غيرمستقيم و مستقيم عامل8/11 ميليون مرگ در سال درجهان است. براساس مطالعه بار‌جهاني بيماري، اين تعداد بيشتراز مرگ‌و‌مير ناشي از سرطان است و يك پنجم كل مرگ‌و‌ميرها در سراسر جهان را تشكيل مي‌دهد. از اين رو، علاوه بر روش­هاي درمان دارويي، توجه به انواع استراتژي­هاي غير دارويي در اين زمينه همواره مورد توجه بوده است. فعاليت بدني و تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز هريك به­نوعي آثار مثبتي را بر روند درماني اعتياد و عدم تمايل به مصرف مجدد داشته­اند اما تا كنون مطالعه­اي كه به بررسي آثار همزمان اين دو استراتژي بر متغيرهاي مهم در بيماري اعتياد پرداخته باشد؛ انجام نشده است. از اين رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر تحريك جريان مستقيم فراجمجمه­اي و تمرين دايره­اي بر ولع مصرف مواد مخدر، تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در زنان وابسته به مواد مخدر در دوره بازتواني بود. روش­ تحقيـق: پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 11 زن داراي سابقه اعتياد كه پس از مرحله پاك­سازي در حال سپري نمودن دوره بازتواني در كمپ ترك اعتياد بودند در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در فاز اجرايي پژوهش با ترتيب تصادفي و با فاصله زماني يك هفته بين هر جلسه در معرض چهار شرايط مداخله­اي شامل 1) تحريك آنودال + تمرين؛ 2) تحريك شم + تمرين؛ 3) تحريك آنودال؛ 4) تحريك شم قرار گرفت. در شرايط 1 ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال مغزي به شدت 2 ميلي­آمپر بر روي ناحيه DLPFC راست اعمال و سپس آزمودني­ها برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 2، ابتدا آزمودني­ها 20 تحريك شَم را دريافت كرده و سپس برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 3، آزمودني­ها 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال را مشابه شرايط 1 دريافت كرده و سپس در مدت زمان برابر با تمرين ورزشي يك ويديو آموزشي را مشاهده نمودند. در حالت 4 نيز شرايط مشابه با حالت 3 بود با اين تفاوت كه آزمودني­ها ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك شم دريافت كردند. متغيرهاي ولع مصرف موارد، حس لذت و انگيختگي در زمان­هاي قبل از اعمال مداخله و 1، 2، 4، 24 و 48 ساعت بعد از اعمال مداخله اندازه­گيري شدند. متغيرهاي تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات اندازه­گيري شدند.   يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش در ارتباط با ولع مصرف مواد نشان داد كه در مقاطع زماني 1، 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقطع زماني 4 و 24 ساعت پس از تمرين ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از هر سه شرايط ديگر بود. نتايج پژوهش در خصوص تكانشگري نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان تكانشگري در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. همچنين، پس از اعمال مداخلات، امتياز تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود. مقادير حس لذت در حين تمرين در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين؛ تحريك شم+تمرين و تحريك آنودال به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. بلافاصله بعد از اعمال مداخله، حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك آنودال و تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 1 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. نهايتاً، ميزان انگيختگي در حين و بلافاصله پس از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. 1 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشاز از حالت تحريك شم و تحريك آنودال بود. نتيـجه­گيـري:

  It has been stated that high-intensity intermittent activity can cause damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation by producing reactive oxygen-nitrogen species, and as a result, reduce sports performance. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of short-term consumption of omega-3 supplements on C-reactive protein, muscle damage, and liver enzymes following a session of high-intensity interval training in overweight girls. To carry out this clinical trial, 24 women in the age range of 20 to 25 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two omega-3 supplement groups after completing the health form and written consent from the overweight girls of Razi University of Kermanshah (12). people and placebo (12 people) will be placed

   Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is one of the innovative methods that has been used in sports in recent years. NIBS, also known as neural doping, involves modulating the activity of neuronal circuits in different brain regions to induce optimal effects on sports performance. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is the most commonly used non-invasive brain stimulation technique, and various research studies have demonstrated its effectiveness on different aspects of sports performance. However, limited studies have been conducted regarding the efficacy of this method on endurance, cognitive function, and perceptual performance under mental fatigue conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and cognitive performance of trained men, both with and without mental fatigue. Method: The present study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. A total of 15 trained male participants were enrolled in this research. Each participant attended five separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session served as an introduction to the research process and included anthropometric measurements and the measurement of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) using an incremental treadmill running test. In the second to fifth sessions, participants were randomly exposed to four different conditions: 1) induction of mental fatigue + tDCS stimulation + endurance running, 2) induction of mental fatigue + sham stimulation + endurance running, 3) tDCS stimulation + endurance running, and 4) sham stimulation + endurance running. In each session, participants first performed the Stroop test and the choice reaction time test. Then they were exposed to one of the four aforementioned conditions and received 20 minutes of brain stimulation. After the stimulation, participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% MAS until exhaustion on the treadmill. During the endurance activity, the amplitude of the VL, VM, and RF muscles, Rated Perceived Exertion, pleasure Sensation, pain, and arousal were measured every 5 minutes. After reaching exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded, followed by a repeated measurement of the Stroop test and reaction time. The mean values of the research variables were used for analysis. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to exhaustion in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p=0.004). Additionally, the mean amplitude of EMG activity in the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p=0.004). Moreover, the mean electrical activity of the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p =0.040). The mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p = 0.013), and the mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.042). The mean pleasure sensation in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.032). The mean choice reaction time in the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.030). Additionally, the mean choice reaction time in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.019). Conclusion

in the present study, the effects of multi-session transcranial direct current stimulation and regular physical activity on food cravings, impulsivity, risk-taking decision-making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were investigated. Methods: For this purpose, 36 overweight and obese women who also had food cravings voluntarily participated as subjects in this research. Subjects were randomly assigned to three intervention groups including 1) anodal stimulation + exercise; 2) sham stimulation + training; and 3) control were divided. Anodal stimulation+exercise group and sham stimulation+exercise group were exposed to anodal stimulation of the target area (right DLPFC) in the brain and sham stimulation for 5 consecutive days and every day for 20 minutes. After the end of 5 days, both intervention groups performed 3 sessions of aerobic exercise per week for 4 weeks within the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The control group had a normal routine of life all this time and did not receive any type of intervention. The variables of food craving, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were measured before and after the interventions in similar conditions. Results: The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the amount of food cravings in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the amount of food craving in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the impulsivity level in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the level of impulsivity in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research also showed that after the interventions, the risk-taking decision score in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the control group. After the interventions, the level of depression in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Also, after the interventions, self-concept increased significantly in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups compared to the control group. Finally, after the interventions, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly higher than the control group. Also, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the sham stimulation+exercise group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the use of consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain anodal stimulation in the right DLPFC region and endurance training for four weeks have synergistic effects in reducing food cravings and Adjustment of psychological variables is related to it and therefore can be used as an efficient strategy in the target society.   

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an 8-week course of Heidelberg ball games on the functional and psychological factors of 6-13-year-old boys with autism. The dependent variables in this research included static balance, dynamic balance, body measurement indices, social skills, anxiety and sleep habits. For this purpose, 24 boys aged 6-13 with autism (level one) of Rozeneh Hamadan center under the supervision of welfare organization, all of whom had medical records, participated. After examining the conditions of the candidates based on the entry and exclusion criteria for the research, the subjects and their parents were familiarized with the process of doing the work and written consents were obtained from them. Then, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people, test and control. The subjects of the experimental group were familiarized with the training protocol in a briefing and training session before the start of the training period, and then participated in an 8-week period (two sessions per week) of Heidelberg volleyball games. The control group did not participate in any special exercise program after completing the questionnaires, body measurements, and measuring static and dynamic balance. After 8 weeks, both test and control groups were re-evaluated. Pairwise comparisons show improvement in dynamic balance and static (p<0.001), significant weight loss (p<0.083), improvement in body mass index (p<0.096), decrease in body fat percentage (p<0.001), decrease in anxiety level (p<0.001), increase in social skills (p <0.001), and improved sleep (p<0.001) in the experimental group.   

The central muscles of the body and the lumbar-pelvic region are the foundation of the body and are considered the so-called engine of the body that provides movement for all organs, which makes this area important. The mentioned areas are considered as kinetic areas, which are responsible for the communication between the lower and upper limbs, as well as the transfer of power and torque between the two upper and lower torsos in sports skills and daily activities. In recent years, there have been hypotheses that the instability, lack of strength and lack of coordination of the muscles in the upper limbs compared to the lower limbs, has a greater effect on the center of the body and the function of the muscles and joints of this area. The aim of our current research is to investigate the effect of lumbar-pelvic motor control disorders on balance, motor function and scapular movement disorders in throw ball athletes of Kermanshah province  

   The Effect of Six-Week Neruomuscular Exercises in Combination with Cognitive-Motivational and Mindfulness Interventions on Pain, Function, Neurofeedback Factores, Kinesiophobia, and Self-Reported Knee Instability Improvement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Hamedan Province    Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease with its negative consequences. It knowns as the third cause of disability in the world. In order to improve the quality of life and increase physical performance, Kinesiophobia, self-reported instability, flexion contracture, the risk of falling and increase the ability to maintain balance, in this research, we used the effectiveness of 6 weeks of neuromuscular exercises with a combination of cognitive-motivational interventions and mindfulness in women with knee osteoarthritis in Hamadan city. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, which is an experimental type with a pre-test&am  ost-test and control group design; It was carried out in the sports rehabilitation center of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bu Ali Sina University in the period of February to September 1400. In this research, 60 women with knee osteoarthritis were selected and   they randomly were divided into three groups: (1): Neuromuscular exercises with motivational interviewing (20 people) group, (2): Neuromuscular exercises with mindfulness interventions (20 people) group and (3): Neuromuscular exercises (control) group Before and after six weeks of interventions,   ain was evaluated with a visual analog scale(VAS), physical performance with WOMAC questionnaire, quality of life with SF36, Kinesiophobia with TSK-17, knee instability (KI) with Fitzgard scale, time up and go (TUG) and and time of up and down stairs tests, walking pattern with Zebris device, balance with Biodex device and berg questionnaire, the Single Leg Lift test, flexion range of motion, knee proprioception and Knee Flexion Contracture (KFC) with goniometer and finally pain-related neurofeedback factors were evaluated with Percomp Infini device. Data were analyzed by    version 22 software and independent sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The research findings showed that based on intra-group comparisons, all three groups of NM+MI, NM+MF and NM exercises after six weeks of training in all factors (pain, performance, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests and static and dynamic balance, (KFC), berg, stepping pattern, pain-related neurofeedback factors, knee proprioception, TSK, (KI)) experienced a significant improvement (p<0.05). But after the adjustment of the pre-test, the comparison of the groups in the post-test showed that the NM + MI group in comparison to the the NM+MF group ,   they improved pain, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests the overall balance score in the eyes closed position, and anterior-posterior oscillations. the NM + MI group had a more significant effect than the NM+MF group (p<0.05); However, the NM+MF group only improved the quality of life compared to the NM+MI group (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this study, it was found that the application of psychological interventions along with physical exercises can have a double effect. Among the psychological interventions used, motivational interviewing is more effective in improving symptoms and commitment & interest in continuing treatment in patients with osteoarthritis.    Key Words: Knee instability, Osteoarthritis, Motivational Interview, Mind fullness, Neuromascular exercises, Nerofeedback, Kinesiofobia, Flexion contracture.

   چكيده: هدف: در ميان تمامي شيوه‌هايي كه به‌منظور ارتقاء عملكرد ورزشكاران بكار برده مي‌شوند، مي‌توان به مداخلات تغذيه‌اي نيز اشاره كرد كه علاوه بر تأثيرگذاري درشت­مغذي ها، تأثيرگذاري ريزمغذي­ها و ساير تركيبات موجود در خوراكي­ها را نيز شامل مي‌شود. نيترات رژيمي و ال سيترولين، ازجمله اين مواد هستند كه در برخي مواد خوراكي همچون چغندر قرمز و هندوانه وجود دارند. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش مقايسه تأثير مصرف حاد و مزمن آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بر پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي‌هوازي مردان جوان مي‌باشد. روش­شناسي پژوهش: در اين پژوهش 40 آزمودني مرد 19 تا 29 سال به‌صورت تصادفي ساده انتخاب و سپس در 4 گروه (10n=)، مكمل آب چغندر قرمز، مكمل آب هندوانه، دارونما و كنترل گروه‌بندي شده و به فاصله 2 هفته به اجراي پروتكل پرداختند. پس از تكميل پرسشنامه­­ها و اندازه­گيري ويژگي‌هاي آنتروپومتريكي شامل قد، وزن و آناليز تركيب بدني، زمان‌بندي مراجعه آزمودني‌ها به آزمايشگاه براي شركت در مراحل مختلف مطالعه در اختيار آن‌ها قرار گرفت. كل مطالعه براي هر فرد شامل 4 جلسه بود. يك ­آزمون VO2max در جلسه اول پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه دوم پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي. يك­آزمون VO2max در جلسه سوم و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه چهارم بعد از يك هفته مكمل دهي. در تمامي جلسات مراجعه، قند خون ناشتا و اولين نمونه خوني براي تعيين لاكتات پايه از آزمودني گرفته شد و به آزمودني صبحانه داده شد. در جلسه اول بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون ورزشي فزاينده به­منظور تعيين VO2max و آستانه تبادل گاز روي تريد ميل، سنجش لاكتات بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. به‌منظور بررسي پويايي لاكتات بلافاصله پس از اتمام ورزشي فزاينده و نيز در فواصل 5، 10، 30 و 60 دقيقه پس از اتمام فعاليت، اندازه‌گيري لاكتات انجام شد. در جلسه دوم   بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون وينگيت به‌منظور سنجش توان بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. بين اجراي آزمون ورزشي فزاينده (VO2max) و آزمون وينگيت فاصله زماني 48 ساعته وجود داشت. پس از اجراي اين مرحله، آزمودني­ها تحت يك دوره 7 روزه مكمل­دهي قرار گرفتند و پس از اين دوره مجدا مراحل اجراي آزمون­ها­ مشابه آنچه كه در بالا ذكر شد انجام پذيرفت.   قابل ذكر است كه به گروه دارونما، دارونما داده شد و گروه كنترل در كل طول پروتكل هيچگونه مكملي دريافت نكرد. تمامي داده‏هاي مطالعه در هر 4 گروه با استفاده از نرم‏‏افزار    24 آناليز شدند و با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در صورت نرمال بودن، داده­ها با استفاده از تحليل واريانس مكرر با عامل بين گروهي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند و در صورت معني‌داري از آزمون LSD جهت يافتن محل تفاوت‌ها استفاده شد و سطح معني‌داري آزمون­ها 05/0P< در نظر گرفته شد. يافته­ها: يافته­ها حاكي از بهبود شاخص­هاي پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي­هوازي در مردان جوان در دو حالت مكمل­دهي حاد و مزمن در دو گروه آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بود (05/0P<). در مقايسه بين اين دو مكمل تفاوت معناداري بين داده­هاي گروه مكمل آب هندوانه و آب چغندر قرمز مشاهده شد (05/0P<).

   Abstract Purpose: Corona virus is a disease that affects various organs of the body, including the respiratory system. Breathing exercises and consumption of omega-3 can also help due to their physiological role. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of respiratory muscle training with omega-3 consumption on lung capacity and quality of life of people who have recovered from the corona virus in Kermanshah. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 48 patients recovered from corona virus with an average weight of 0.75±15.1 and an average body mass index of 87.4±3.3 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12) 1-omega-3+exercise, 2-omega-3 They were divided into 3-control, 4-exercise. The breathing training program for the training group included three days a week and 60 minutes of breathing training daily, and the supplementation program included the daily consumption of one 1000 mg omega-3 tablet, which was taken daily and at the time of starting the exercises, and the control group did not have any intervention. 48 The desired variables were measured one hour before and after the research, and the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance with the between-group factor was used, and the level of significance was equal to (P<0.05). Results: The results of the research showed that FVC caused significant changes in the exercise group with control and the control group with exercise+ supplements compared to other groups, and also TV caused significant changes among the control group with supplements, but the other groups did not show any difference, and there were significant changes in the MVV index among the control group. with the supplement+ exercise group, but it did not show any difference in the other groups, and there was a significant change in the quality of life index among the three main groups compared to the control, but the other groups did not show any difference, and the sleep quality index showed significant changes in the control group with the supplement+ exercise group, the control group with Exercise was created, but it was not observed in the other groups, and significant changes in the depression index were found between the control group and the supplement+ exercise control group with exercise, but there was no difference in the other groups. Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that 8 weeks of breathing exercises along with omega-3 consumption have a significant effect on respiratory indicators, quality of life, sleep, and depression.

AbstractPurpose: Sports activity in people can cause adaptations and damages in body parts and bring physical problems and fatigue to the person. Due to its antioxidant properties, consumption of beetroot juice can reduce the side effects of intense training. Therefore, the aim of this research was the effect of acute consumption of beetroot juice on the response of liver enzymes and blood pressure in healthy women after intense outdoor activity.Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental and double-blind study, 30 healthy, non-athlete women aged 20-30 were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): supplement, placebo, and control. Before the start of the research, blood samples and blood pressure were taken from all the subjects after 15 minutes of rest and in a sitting position in order to measure the indices of delayed muscle stiffness and liver enzymes. For 7 days, the supplement group consumed 200 mg of beet juice daily and the placebo group consumed 200 mg of placebo daily, and the control group had no intervention. In the second session, after a week of taking the supplement, the second blood sample and blood pressure were also taken from the subjects, then the subjects ate a standard breakfast and 1-2 hours after taking the supplement, the protocol of running downhill for 20 minutes with a 15% slope and they performed a speed of 7 km/h, before which the subjects warmed up for 5 minutes with 50% of the maximum heart rate and zero incline. Immediately after the activity and 24 hours after the activity, the third and fourth blood samples and blood pressure were taken from the subjects. The between-group factor was evaluated and the toki test was used to find the location of the differences, and the significance level of the tests was (P<0.05).Findings: The results of the research showed that beetroot juice causes significant changes in AST and ALT and causes them to decrease during the rest period, immediately after the activity and the recovery period, unlike the control group, and also prevents the increase of The procedure of systolic blood pressure and average blood pressure was recovered during the recovery period, but it could not have a significant effect on diastolic blood pressure. In relation to the VAS index, it was able to create a feeling of less pain than the placebo and control groups, and there were significant changes in the thighs of the subjects, the results showed a decrease in the supplement group during the recovery period, but in the other groups No change was made.Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that acute beetroot juice consumption after intense outdoor activity has a significant effect on liver enzymes and blood pressure, muscle pain perception index and thigh circumference.Keyword: muscle contusion, extrinsic contraction, liver enzymes, blood pressure, beetroot juice

  Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder that is mainly caused by overweight and obesity accumulating inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in the prevention, control, and treatment of diabetes. While decreased physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with obesity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B genes in the visceral fat tissue of obese rats with type 2 diabetes.Research Method: In this experimental study, fifty 4 to 5 weeks old Wistar male rats, weighing 180 to 210 grams, were randomly selected after screening among 55 rats. First, rats were randomly divided into a healthy food group (n=10) and a high-fat diet (n=40); After 2 weeks of weight gain in the high-fat diet group, intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) was injected; After confirming diabetes in high-fat diet group the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 in each group): aerobic training + vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D), control (C). Then, the rats of the AT and AT+Vit D groups performed an 8-week aerobic training 5 days a week. Vitamin D and AT+Vit D groups received 5000 international units of vitamin D once a week by injection. While sesame oil was injected instead in AT and C groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of aerobic training and after a night of fasting, blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin levels and for AMPK, PGC-1a, PTP1B, and UCP-1 gene expression, the visceral fat samples were collected by dissection. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software.Results: Based on our results, BW, BMI, FI, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT+Vit D, AT and Vit D groups compared to the C group (P<0.001); While the healthy control and diabetic control groups showed a significant increase in BW, BMI, and FI. Based on these results, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference in BW, BMI, and FI between all five grou   with the AT+Vit D group showing the greatest decrease in BW, BMI, and FI compared to other groups. Also, the research findings showed that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B in the white fat tissue of type 2 diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Although a significant improvement was observed in the aforementioned variables in the AT and Vit D alone, compared to the control group. In the AT+Vit D, the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, and UCP-1 was significantly higher and the expression of PTP1B genes was significantly lower than in AT or Vit D groups. Also, the results of this study showed a significant difference between the AT and Vit D groups in the mentioned variables. In addition, after eight weeks of intervention, the serum irisin, and vitamin D levels increased significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   However, serum irisin and vitamin D levels were decreased in the diabetic control group.

       Introduction : Abstract   Many studies have shown that exercise training is recognized as a strategy to treat PCOS patients. However, there is still no comprehensive data on the type, intensity and duration of exercises for these patients.The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on inflammatory factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: In this study, 28 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (age 18-40 years, weight 80.08±9.25 kg, height 162.4±10.6 cm) participated and were randomly assigned to two exercise groups (14people) and control (14people) were divided. The training group performed three sessions a week for eight weeks of a high-intensity interval training program, including interval running for 30 seconds with an intensity of 100% maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), 30 seconds of active recovery with 50% aerobic velocity, which In the following weeks, the number of sets and the intensity of training were added. From the beeper test to measure VO2max and taking blood samples from the subjects' brachial veins before and after the exercises in order to measure the inflammatory factors HS-CRP, homocysteine, cortisol, fat profile, HDL, LDL, TG , the amount of insulin and insulin resistance HOMA-IR and testosterone were used, and body composition factors were measured with a specific method. The statistical method of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement with a significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine the differences.   Findings: The findings showed that HIIT training reduces body composition weight, fat percentage, WHR, visceral fat, insulin, insulin resistance, LDL, cholesterol, testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.05). HIIT training also increases aerobic performance and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05), but there were no significant changes in the serum levels of Hs-CRP, homocysteine, glucose, HDL, triglyceride, visceral fat index, and plasma atherogenic index (P >0.05) and the control group were unchanged or no significant change was observed (P?0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows that eight weeks of high-intensity interval training has beneficial effects on anthropometry, aerobic performance, insulin resistance and sensitivity, fat profile, and inflammatory and cardiovascular indices in PCOS patients. HIIT training intensity (100-110 MAV) seems to be a determining factor in creating optimal adaptation in PCOS patients. Keywords: inflammation, cortisol, high-intensity interval training, homocysteine, polycystic ovary syndrome

زير بيشين? وامانده­ساز بود.   

   چكيده پيش زميـنه:   با توجه به پيشرفت و توسعه ورزش حرفه‌اي در سال‌هاي اخير، ورزشكاران براي بهبود و حفظ آمادگي خود در بازه‌هاي زماني طولاني‌مدت به استفاده از روش‌هاي جديد و مؤثر از جمله دوپينگ عصبي روي ‌آوردند. (tDCS) كه يكي از رايج­ترين تكنيك‌هاي تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز است اخيراً در حوز? علوم ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با اين وجود   مطالعات اندكي در زمينه تأثير تحريك tDCS بر بهبود عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و ادراكي در فعاليت‌هاي بي‌هوازي صورت گرفتهاست.   بنابراين، هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي آثار tDCS بر عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و پاسخ­هاي ادراكي در حين و پس از فعاليت بيشينه بي‌هوازي بود. روش تحقيـق:   پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، با موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 15 آزمودني مرد تمرين كرد? به­عنوان آزمودني در اين تحقيق شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در 4 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور پيدا كرد. جلسه اول براي آشناسازي با فرآيند تحقيق و اندازه­گيري­هاي پيكرسنجي و در جلسات دوم تا چهارم آزمودني­ها به صورت تصادفي در معرض سه شرايط مختلف شامل 1) تحريك آنودال ناحيه M1؛ 2) تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC چپ؛ و 3) تحريك شَم قرار گرفتند. در هرجلسه، ابتدا تست استروپ و زمان عكس العمل انتخابي اجرا شد. سپس آزمودني‌ها به مدت 20 دقيقه تحريك مغري را دريافت نمودند. پس از اتمام تحريك، آزمودني‌ها تست وينگيت 30 ثانيه‌اي پايين تنه را انجام دادند. در حين اجراي تست وينگيت در هر وهله آمپلي­تود عضلات VL، VM و RF، ميزان درك فشار، حس لذت و ميزان انگيختگي اندازه­گيري شد. پس از اتمام پروتكل تست وينگيت، تست استروپ و زمان عكس­العمل مجددا اندازه­گيري شد.   ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي تحقيق جهت تجزيه و تحليل مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. از روش آنواي يك راهه با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري براي تحليل آماري داده­ها استفاده شد. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه مقادير اوج توان در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحيه DLPFC   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود (01/0 =p). همچنين نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه آمپلي­تود EMG عضله VM در شرايط تحريك M1 و DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شراط تحريك شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 02/0 =p؛ 036/0 =p). مقادير شاخص خستگي   نيز در شرايط تحريك آنودال DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك ناحيه M1   و شم بود (026/0 =p). ميانگين مقادير RPE نيز در شرايط تحريك M1   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك DLPFC   و شم بود (0001/0 =p). از سوي ديگر، تفاوت معني­داري در نتايج تست شناختي استروپ بين شرايط پيش آزمون و پس آزمون در گروه تحريك dlpfc مشاهده شد (046/0 =p)، اما زمان عكس العمل انتخابي در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري پايين­تر از حالت شم بود(به ترتيب؛ 017/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p).در نهايت، ميانگين مقادير حس لذت در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 03/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p)   و ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC و شم   به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت M1 بود (به ترتيب؛ 0001/0 =p؛ 0001/0 =p). نتيـجه­گيـري:

   Abstract: Introduction: Back pain as a musculoskeletal disorder that has a high prevalence in all human societies. It has always been of interest to therapists. The purpose of this research is the relationship between the angle of the lumbar arch and the length of the hamstring muscles in women aged 30-60 with and without chronic back pain. Methods: In this comparative - correlation study, the number of 108 women with the average age (years) 42.89 ± 9.17, height (cm) 161.99 ± 5.12, weight (kg) 15.20 ± 69.87, body mass index (kilograms per square meter) 26.63 ± 6.27 into two groups, 50 people with chronic back pain and 58 people with no history of back pain. and without a history of back pain, 58 people who were selected by a targeted vote at the Mahdia Clinic in Kermanshah, between September and February, 1400 Pain was assessed by comparing VAS and back arch using a flexible ruler and the length of hamstring muscles with AKE test. the data obtained in the research process were analyzed by Yeoman-Whitne. Results: Research results show that, there is a significant difference between the lumbar arch group of women with history of back pain and the group without history of chronic back pain (P=0.006). also, there is a significant difference between the length of the hamstring muscles of women with history of back pain and the group without history of back pain (0.001). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, it showed that the lumbar arch of the participants in women with a history of chronic back pain also, the length of hamstring muscles in women with history of back pain was shorter than women without history of back pain. Therefore, there was a weak correlation between the two groups in the two mentioned variables. Therefore, due to the fact that the shortness of the hamstring muscle and the increase in the lumbar arch causes limitation in the anterior tilt of the pelvis, bending of the hip joint and causes extra load on the vertebrae and causes back pain. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the length of the hamstring muscles and reduce the arch of the back As suitable solutions, they should be used to reduce the intensity of pain and disability of patients so that they can prevent the risk of future injuries of these people.

  Abstract Objective: Considering the importance of physical fitness in female adolescent students, which is assessed by physical fitness factors (sitting, horizontal, 540 m running and flexibility) and the importance of nutritional knowledge and attitude of female adolescents and the growing trend of low food intake. Value among adolescents and little research of external sources and lack of internal research in this field, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of low value foods on strength, endurance, flexibility, body mass index and academic performance of 13 to 15 female students in Kangavar. Materials and Methods: From 200 female students aged 13 to 15 years in Kangavar, the selected schools were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method; According to Morgan's table, the minimum number of subjects should be 181, which due to the decline during the research process, 200 people were selected and finally 200 subjects participated in the present study. The mean and standard deviation of the subjects was 14.27 66 0.66 years. In this study, height and weight were measured and body mass index was classified and calculated using body growth charts for children in this age group (NHANES-I). Mean and standard deviation of height, weight and body mass index were 6.41 ± 160.63 cm, 10.75 ± 55.57 kg and kg / m23.63 ± 21.48, respectively. To measure cardiorespiratory endurance from the 540 m test, to measure endurance and muscular strength of the shoulder muscles from the modified horizontal bar, to measure the endurance of the abdominal muscles from sitting and lying down, and to measure the FTF and خلفي (thigh) of the flexibility box. Plasticity was used. A questionnaire designed by the researcher was used to assess the frequency of consumption of low-value foods in the subjects. The Shah Mohammadi Questionnaire (2014) was used to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and nutritional behavior. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (k-s) test was used to check the normality of the data. In addition, Spearman correlation was used to examine the correlation of variables. For all statistical tests, a significance level of p <0.05 was considered. Also,    statistical software version 24 was used to perform statistical calculations. Results: There was an inverse relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and health-related physical fitness factors including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles and shoulder girdle, and of the كمر at كمر and خلفي خلفي (thigh). Was observed (P <0.05). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and body mass index in the subjects (P?0.05). There was a significant inverse relationship between consumption of low value foods and nutritional knowledge and behavior in the subjects (P?0.05). But there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and nutritional attitudes in the subjects (P <0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and the grade point average of the subjects (P <0.05). Conclusion: Considering that in the present study, with the increase in the consumption of low-value foods, the physical fitness of students has decreased and the amount of body mass index has increased; And nutritional knowledge and behavior declined. If we do not pay attention to the high consumption of low-value foods, we will probably see a high rate of non-communicable diseases in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to parents and policy makers in the field of nutrition and physical activity in the community and schools and the national policy of these policies. Keywords: students, physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, low value food

Abstract Objective: Considering the importance, prevalence and consequences of overweight and obesity and considering the lack of side effects for supplementation with spirulina and the limited number of human studies conducted in this field, this aimed to investigate the effect of 6 HIIT activity week with spirulina supplementation on serum CRP and CK levels and insulin resistance in overweight women. Methodology: 36 healthy overweight women voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into one of the exercise + supplement, exercise + placebo and control groups. Body composition and rest blood sample sizes were taken before the research protocol. After that, the training groups performed the HIIT training program for 6 weeks (three sessions per week of two exercises (eight times based on the distance traveled by 300 meters at the specific time of each person with twice the rest time and running time). A distance of 300 meters was added every two weeks. At the same time, they took a spirulina supplement or placebo, depending on the group in which the subjects were. The supplement + exercise group took two 500 mg capsules daily (before lunch and dinner). The placebo group took similar capsules containing sucrose. Anthropometric measurement and second blood sampling were performed 48 hours after the last training session. Blood samples were analyzed to measure hs-CRP and creatine kinase with standard laboratory kits. Repeated analysis of variance with intergroup factor was used to compare the data of the three groups and Banferoni post hoc test was used to determine the differences. Also, a significant level of P?0.05 was considered for all statistical analyzes. Results: The results of the present study showed that BMI changes were not significant in the three groups (P = 0.964), but body fat data (P = 0.001) and aerobic fitness (P = 0.021) were significant. . Regarding creatine kinase (P = 0.005), CRP (P = 0.001), and IR (P = 0.001), significant changes were observed before and after six weeks of training. The results showed that the reduction of CRP and CK in the supplement + exercise group was more than other groups, especially the control group (P <0.05). Changes in insulin resistance were also significant in the exercise + supplement (P = 0.001) and exercise + placebo (P = 0.004) groups compared to the control group. In general, the difference between both training groups and the control group was significant in all variables and the training + supplement and training + placebo groups did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the present results, 6 weeks of HIIT program with 90% of maximum oxygen consumption has been able to reduce plasma levels of CRP and creatine kinase and insulin resistance index in overweight women. In other words, high-intensity physical activity reduces CRP and creatine kinase levels and insulin resistance in overweight women by increasing metabolism and reducing fat. However, high-intensity interval training (HII) with spirulina supplementation did not significantly reduce these factors compared to HIIT training alone. Keywords: Spirulina supplement, HIIT, overweight, insulin resistance

Abstract Introduction: Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal disorder that is the cause of disability and absence from work. The purpose of this study, the effect of eight weeks of aqua and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises on pain, disability, lumbopelvic control, postural sways and plantar pressure distribution in Patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Methods: This is a one-way blinded randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group; It was performed in the Sports Rehabilitation Center of Razi University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, from September to February 2020. In this study, 36 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain were randomly divided into three groups: dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises (n = 12), aqua exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). lumbopelvic control of patients with biofeedback pressure, symmetry index and postural sways with PT-scan, spine posture with spinal mouse, pain intensity with visual analog scale and inability of oswestry disability index in pre-test and post-test . The training groups participated in the training interventions for 8 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The data obtained in the research process were analyzed by paired t-test, analysis of ANCOVA and mix-ANOVA and Bonferreni test with    software version 22. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between aqua exercise exercises and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization in improving pain, disability, lumbar-pelvic control, postural sways and plantar pressure distribution in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. (P >0/05). Both groups had a significant improvement in the indicators of pain, disability and lumbopelvic control compared to the control group (P <0/05). Also in comparison within the group, both types of exercises had a significant decrease in pain intensity, disability, lumbopelvic control, lumbar range of motion, symmetry index and postural sways (P <0/05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, aqua exercise and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises have been almost equally effective in reducing pain intensity, disability and improving pelvic lumbar control in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.   

The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF, NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine Abstract Background: Neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are the most important target of therapeutic interventions. However, the effect of exercise interventions and supplementation on MS has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF , NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine. Methods: In this randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 40 women (20-40 years old) with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 3-5 were divided into 4 groups including aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D: n=10), aerobic training (AT: n=10), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D: n=10) and control (C: n=10). The aerobic training program consisted of 20-40 minutes of 50-70% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1? were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Also, the 9-item Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF self-report questionnaire were used to assess the fatigue index and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Tukey post hoc test using    software version 26 at a significance level of P <0.05. Results: The results show that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1?, compared with the control group (P <0.05). However, significant improvements were observed in the mentioned variables in AT and Vit D groups compared to the control. The serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-1? were significantly lower and BDNF and NGF levels were significantly higher in AT+Vit D than AT and Vit D groups. The results of this study also showed a significant difference between AT and Vit D in mentioned variables (serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?, BDNF, and NGF). In addition, after eight weeks, fatigue was significantly reduced in the AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   while, increased in the control group. Quality of life in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups significantly increased compared to the control. The results also show that the quality of life in the AT+Vit D was higher than in the AT and Vit D groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the combination of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation might be one of the therapeutic methods that help improve neurological and inflammatory factors, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS during the COVID-19 quarantine. Keywords: Vitamin D, Exercise, Neurotrophic factors, Cytokines, Coronavirus, Multiple sclerosis   

   This study investigated the effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on the antioxidant capacity and muscle damage indicators responses to exhausting aerobic activity in non-athletic men. In this clinical trial, 24 young non-athlete men were randomly divided into two grou   vitamin D supplements ((n=12); daily intake of 2000 IU for 6 weeks) and placebo ((n=12); daily intake of placebo for 6 weeks). EAE was performed on the treadmill twice before and after six weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were taken at 4 stages before and after the first EAE protocol (pre-test 1, post-test 1) and before and after the second EAE protocol (pre-test 2, post-test 2). After six weeks of vitamin D supplementation, following the second EAE lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, GPX, and POD), and vitamin D levels increased significantly in both groups (within-group comparison of Per 2 and Post 2). In addition, there was a significant increase in the quality of life (P = 0.021) and time of exercise (P = 0.045) in the vitamin D supplementation group rather than placebo. It seems that short-term vitamin D supplementation plays an important role in improving the response of markers of antioxidant capacity, muscle damage, and liver enzymes to EAE and increasing quality of life and exercise performance.

Multiple sclerosis MS is a neurodegenerative disease that causes damage to the myelin and plaque in different parts of the neurons in the brain, leading to physical and cognitive impairments. Having proper physical activity and nutrition can help improve the condition of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis.  Results: The results showed an improvement in memory and quality of life in the supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups (p <0.05), although this improvement was more significant in the exercise + supplement group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis improves memory and quality of life in patients. Becomes. But taking supplements alone or exercising alone is less effective than exercising and supplementing at the same time.

Abstract Objective: Today, with the spread of food, media advertising and lifestyle changes, the eating habits of children and adolescents have changed. Low-value foods, as attractive, inexpensive and accessible materials, have attracted special attention for children and adolescents, and these materials can have beneficial effects on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. On the other hand, low-value foods can affect the physical fitness of this group of society. Children and adolescents are great assets for the growth and development of any society, and any factor that can develop and improve their physical and mental health should be taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between low-value food consumption and health-related physical fitness factors in male students aged 10-12 years in Kamyaran. Materials & Methods: Out of 1514 students aged 10-12 years in Kamyaran city by multistage cluster sampling method, schools were selected and according to Morgan table, 309 subjects participated in this study. The mean and standard deviation of age was 26.11±0.68 years. In this study, height and weight were measured and body mass index was >Result: There was a significant inverse relationship between low-value food consumption and health-related physical fitness factors including cardio-respiratory endurance, strength and muscular endurance of abdominal muscles and shoulder girdle, and flexibility of lower and posterior muscles (thighs)(P?0.05). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between low-value food consumption and body mass index (P?0.05). There was a significant relationship between low-value food consumption and nutritional knowledge and behavior in the subjects (P?0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between low-value food consumption and nutritional attitude in the< subjects(P<0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between low-value food consumption and irrational food beliefs in the subjects (P<0.05). Conclusions: Considering that in the present study, with increasing the amount of low-value food consumption, students' physical fitness decreased and body mass index increased, and knowledge and ta'd behavior decreased, in case of not paying attention to the high rate of low-value food consumption, we will probably see a high rate of non-communicable diseases in adolescents.   Therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to parents and policy makers in nutrition and physical activities in society and schools and support the national media for these policies. Keywords: Students, Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, Obesity, Low-Value Food   

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) program and citrulline malate (CM) supplement on nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in elite wrestlers. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 28 elite males’ wrestlers (age, 21.9±2.4 y; height 174.5±3.8 cm) were randomly assigned to CM+training, placebo+training and training, while also all groups participating in 6 weeks of HIIT based on wrestling techniques. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and aerobic and anaerobic tests before and after 6 weeks of HIIT program. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 6 weeks. Results: Nitric Oxide level after six weeks of HIIT and CM supplementation showed significant increase comparing to placebo+training (P=0.001) and training (P=0.035) groups. There is no significant difference between other groups for NO (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between upper body anaerobic power (peak power, Mean power and fatigue index) of CM group and placebo group (P=0.22), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Among all body composition data after six week HIIT just FFM of CM+training group showed significant increase comparing placebo and training group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Daily CM supplementation during six weeks of HIIT training increases serum NO levels and upper body anaerobic power in elite male wrestlers comparing HIIT alone.   

   Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of strategic leadership on performance improvement with emphasis on the mediating role of organizational learning. The descriptive-survey research method and the statistical population of this study consisted of all employees of the General Directorate of Sport and Youth Affairs of the three provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hamadan (250 people). According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), the sample size was 150 individuals. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of strategic leadership of Lear (2012), Kaplan & Norton (2001) organizational performance questionnaires and Gomez et al. (2005) organizational learning capability assessment. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. Finally, the research model was validated using SMART PLS software. The results showed that strategic leadership directly affects the organizational performance of employees and indirectly through organizational learning on the organizational performance of employees. It can be concluded that managers of sport organizations can provide the ground for enhancing organizational learning among employees by providing essential attention to organizational learning factors and using strategic leadership style in the organization and thus improve organizational performance.

    Background. Considering Chlorella Vulgaris role in improving immune function, purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of HIIT training and Chlorella vulgaris supplements on levels of oxidative stress markers in overweight men.Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects in this study (22.8 ± 1.2 yrs; 27.1 ± 9.66 BMI) were randomly assigned into three groups (10 N): supplement + exercise, placebo + training and training groups. Before and 48 hours after the end of 6 weeks of HIIT training, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for interleukin-6, insulin and glucose levels measurements. The participants' training program included 6 weeks of intensive HIIT progressive exercise. Subjects of the supplement group received chlorella vulgaris supplementation (300 mg) every four time daily for six weeks, and the placebo group consumed Sucrose tablets similar to chlorella   tab. Significance level (P <0.05) was used for all data analyzes.Results: The results showed that chlorella vulgaris supplementation with HIIT exercises significantly decreased MDA and NO compared to other groups (P <0.05). Also, PC levels when comparing the three groups showed a significant decrease in the supplement + exercise group compared to the training group but did not show significant differences with placebo + training group (P <0.05). Body composition results showed a decrease in body fat and an increase in aerobic fitness of subjects in the exercise + supplement group compared to other groups (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that six weeks of HIIT training with supplementation of chlorella vulgaris caused MDA, NO, PC levels in overweight men.  Keywords: Interval Training, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, malondialdehyde , protein Carbonyl, Nitrite oxide

  Abstract: Aim of study: human`s health is mostly related to the condition of physical fitness, and knowing the valid references for investigating about the levels of human`s physical fitness regarding the importance of physical fitness on keeping people`s health, assessment and measurement as well as awaring them of their physical conditions is one of the necessities of modern societies. This has been considering by the developed countries, but a comprehensive description about the condition of physical fitness has not been considered so far in our country, especially in Kermanshah; so, the aim of this study was to assess and investigate the male`s physical fitness of Kermanshah city aged 18-60 as well as providing and developing the norm. Method of research: The subjects were 200 males, aged of 18-60 in Kermanshah city that were selected based on the research standards. The variables of cardio-respiratory fitness, percentage of body fat, waist/hip ratio(WHR), flexibility, muscle strength of two hands, chest muscles endurance and abdominal muscles endurance were measured and registered based on the following, respectively: Rockport one mile walking test, measurement of waist and hip with tape measure, flexometer box, dynamometer, press- up and sit-up. I made use of   percentage points with a distance of 5% and mean, percentiles and changes in physical fitness factors based on the age groups were used to analyze the data and formulate the norms, too. Results: The findings of this study in population of Kermanshah males with the average age of 34/82±11/42 year old, height of 179/64±5/297 cm. and weight of 80/97±8/586 kg were as follow; the mean of BMI=26/12±4/016kg/m2, WHR: 0/927±0/25 , flexibility=29/43±5/03cm, muscle strength of the right hand=42/21±8/63 kg, muscle strength of the left hand: 36/02±7/75 kg, chest muscles endurance: 44/18±8/63 push-up, aerobic power=45/14±8/09 ml/kg.min, body fat percentage=23/28±3/42 percent, abdominal muscle endurance: 32/81±6/27 sit-up. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that because of the lack of any regular physical fitness program, the physical fitness factors were reduced with age increasing. The measured variables in ages 18-29 were descending in comparison with ages 40-49 and 50-60 in factors like aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands, endurance of chest and abdominal muscles. But there was not any differences between the variable of body fat percentage and WHR in categories of 18-29 and 30-39 regarding to the above-mentioned ages. Also, comparing the current norms and the data of other studies, Kermanshah males had better condition than the other cities and countries regarding the variables of aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands and chest muscle endurance, but they had rather similar conditio   in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, WHR and abdominal muscles endurance. Keywords: Physical fitness, cardio-respiratory fitness, VO2 max, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility

 Develop and update of physical fitness norm on women in Kermanshah city

AbstractResearch Aim: In old ages, erosivechanges occure in the body that causes disturbancesin the motor andcognitive process such as balance, reaction time and also quality of life onthem. This research aimed to examine the effect of 8 weeks core stability andcore stability_mindfulness on static and dynamic balance, reaction time andquality of life on elderly inactive women in care centers in Kermanshah city.Research method:   In this study, 30inactived elderly women from one of the elderly care centers of Kermanshah citywere selected randomly, and divided in to 3 groups, contains experimental group1, with core stability-mindfulness exercise, experimental group 2, with corestability,and control, that continued their usual daily activities during the researchperiod. In the first session, pre-tests were conducted. For the static balance test,the Romberg test, for dynamic balance, berg balance test, for reaction time,Lafayette Multi SelectorReaction Time Device, Model 63035 and for quality of life, Quality of lifequestionnaire SF-36 was used. Then experimental group 1 and 2, for 8 weeks and3 weekly sessions each 45 minutes, received their special exercises. Corestability exexrcises were based on Jeffrey's practice protocol, and mindfulnessexercises involving teaching mindfulness-based techniques. After the end of thetraining, post-tests were performed, by using the same procedure as thepre-tests.Findings: After ensuring thenormal distribution of data using the K-S test, the result of intra-groupcomparison with paired t-test showed that performance of the experimental group1 and 2 in static and dynamic balance and simple reaction time variables havebeen significantly improved (p<0/05), and thedifference between groups was significant in comparison between groups usingone way ANOVA test (p<0/05). The results ofscheffe post hoc test showed that the experimental group 1 compared to thecontrol group had a significant different in static and dynamic balancevariables (p<0/05). But there was nosignificant difference between the other groups. In the case of simple reactiontime, there was no difference between groups. In selective reaction time andquality of life, the results of in-group comparison showed that only theperformance of experimental group 1 was significantly improved form pre-test topost-test (p<0/05). In selectivereaction time variable comparison between groups showed that the difference betweengroups was not significant. But this difference was significant in the qualityof life variable (p<0/05), The results ofscheffe post hoc test showed that the performance of the experimental group 1was significantly different from the control group in the mentioned variable (p<0/05), but there was no significant difference betweenthe other groups.Conclusion:   The pattern of the resultsshows that combines physical exercises such as core stability with mindfulnessexercises, while reducing the psychological and physical stress of physicalexercises can be beneficial for physical and cognitive processes such as balanceand reaction time, and also quality of life for elderly people.  Keywords: core stability, mindfulness, static balance, dynamicbalance, reaction time, quality of life, aging.  

  Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Baker JS. The influence of a high intensity physical activity intervention on a selection of health related outcomes: an ecological approach. BMC public health. 2010;10(1):8.2.   Neyse F, Daneshmandi M, Sadeghi Sharme M, Ebadi A. The effect of earplugs on sleep quality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Critical Care Nursing. 2011;4(3):127-34.3.   Sezavar SH, Valizadeh M, Moradi M, Rahbar MH. Trend of changes in age and gender of patients admitted in Rasul-e-Akram hospital with first acute myocardial infarction from 1998 to 2007. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2010;10(1):29-37.4.   Egred M, Viswanathan G, Davis G. Myocardial infarction in young adults. Postgraduate medical journal. 2005;81(962):741-5.5.   Ghafari S, Hakim S. Sagheb Asl E.[Course of twenty years the prevalence of risk factors model of treatment complications and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in shahid madani’s heart unit in Tabriz (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Science & Health Service. 2008;3(30):89-95.6.   Majidi S, Sharifi M. Comparison of signs and symptoms associated with acute coronary syndrome in male and female patients. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;20(80):60-6.7.   Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwalds heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.8.   KIANI SR, Soudani M, Seyedian S, SHAFIEABADI AE. The effectiveness of stress inoculation group training on Somatization and Anxiety of the coronary heart disease patients. 2010.9.   Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, Mirmiran P, Hajipour R, Madjid M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Sozial-und Pr?ventivmedizin/Social and Preventive Medicine. 2002;47(6):408-26.

  Abstract Background and aims: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is caused by increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. On the other hand, irisin is a new myokine that exerts its positive effects via increasing energy expenditure. However, irisin response to resistance exercise and its related training variables has been less discussed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different rest interval between sets of resistance exercise on serum irisin and blood lactate levels in obese male children. Materials and methods: Twelve obese male children (13.41±1.08 years) participated in the study. On 3 separate sessions of a resistance exercise protocol; subjects were assigned in a random a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds, or 120 seconds between sets. The RE session consisted of 4 sets of chest press to failure using 60% of 1 repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise at each session. Statistical tests of paired t, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for data analysis.Results: A significant increase was observed in the serum irisin and blood lactate immediately after three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05); Also, there was significant difference in study variables in three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05). Based on Turkey’s follow-up test increased serum irisin concentration and lactate at rest intervals of 60 seconds were significantly higher than rest intervals of 120 and 240 seconds; also, the increase of serum irisin concentration and lactate rest intervals of 120 seconds was significantly higher than of 240 seconds. The results of this study showed that, there was positive and significant correlation between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds (P? 0.05); while there was no significant difference between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 240 seconds.Conclusion: These results suggest that the resistance exercise with low resting interval compared to resistance training with high resting interval can increase the levels of irisin in in obese male children. Also, due to the existence of significant positive correlation between serum irisin and blood lactate, high lactate accumulation may be one of the possible mechanisms increased release irisin the result of resistance exercises with low resting interval.Keywords: Obesity, Irisin, Lactate, Resistance Training, Different rest interval

  Abstarct:       Background: One of the most important body responses during ascend to altitude is weight loss, that its one of the ways to prevent obesity-related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of 6 weeks HIIT training in the conditions of hypoxia and normoxia on liver enzymes levels and Maximum fat oxidation in overweight women. Material and Methods: in thise study 20 overweight female and non-athletes participated Voluntary and after recall and were divided into two equal groups. They were allocated randomly in either HIIT training in Normoxia conditions group (age:27.50±3.536 and BMI: 26.94±2.03) or to HIIT training in Hypoxia conditions group (age:26.80±4.05 and BMI:27.38±1.49). Both of groups performed HIIT training for six weeks and three times a week. The HIIT sessions consisted of intervals of 30-s work at 90% VO2peak and 30-s inactive rest, and increased by 5 min every week to reach 45 min in the last week. All exercise sessions started with unloaded 5-min warm-up cycling and ended with unloaded 5-min cool-down cycling at a cadence of 70 rpm. Blood samples were obtained 48 hours before and after six weeks of HIIT training in fasting state. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to normalize the data distribution. Changes of data was analyzed by dependent and independed t-test, at the significant level of P<0.05 and using    version 21. Results: These findings suggest that 18 sessions high-intensity interval training significantly reduced weight and body mass index. It also significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and significantly increased the maximum fat oxidation. But the level of alanine aminotransferase and lipid Profiles only in the normoxia group significantly decreased.    Conclusion: According to the results of this study can be concluded that HIIT training in hypoxic conditions is likely to postpone a preventive method for diseases associated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, the HIIT training as an non-invasive and non-pharmacological method is considered   that obese and   inactive individuals is recommended. Key words: Hypoxia, HIIT, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, MFO.

  EFFECT   of linear and non linear resistance trainingperiodization on muscle strength in women with Multiple sclerosis(MS)

چاقي و اضافه‌وزن به همراه اختلالات ليپيدي و متابوليكي مرتبط با آن، يكي از نگراني‌هاي بسيار مهم در جهان امروز است. اخيرا تمرينات تناوبي پرشدت (HIIT) براي كاهش وزن بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراين هدف ما بررسي و مقايسه اثر حاد يك جلسه تمرين تناوبي پرشدت و تمرين هوازي بر نيمرخ چربي دختران داراي اضافه وزن است. به اين منظور ?? دختر جوان داراي اضافه وزن به روش نمونه­گيري غير­تصادفي در دسترس انتخاب شدند و همه آزمودني­ها در هر دو نوع تمرين شركت كردند. قبل از شروع آزمون، اندازه‌گيري‌هاي شاخص‌هايي از قبيل قد، وزن و شاخص توده بدن (BMI) انجام شد. تمرينات به صورت تك جلسه­اي انجام شد كه شامل يك جلسه تمرين HIIT و يك جلسه تمرين هوازي بود. براي اجراي پروتكل تمريني HIIT از ? تكرار ?? ثانيه‌اي آزمون وينگيت استفاده شد، به اين صورت كه آزمودني‌ها ?? دقيقه گرم كردن را بدون بار   انجام دادند، سپس به مدت ? دقيقه با سرعت ?? دور در دقيقه ركاب زدند و در نهايت ?? ثانيه با نهايت سرعت ركاب زدند. براي انجام تمرين هوازي آزمودني­ها بعد از ?? دقيقه گرم كردن، به مدت ?? دقيقه با شدت ?? درصد ضربان قلب حداكثر بر روي تردميل دويدند. نمونه­هاي خوني بلافاصله قبل و بعد از هر جلسه تمرين از وريد سفاليك آزمودني­ها در حالت ناشتا براي اندازه‌گيري سطوح نيمرخ چربي جمع آوري گرديد. سطوح نيمرخ چربي بعد از تمرينات HIIT بدون تغيير بود. با اين حال بعد از تمرين هوازي افزايش معنادار سطح HDL مشاهده شد. همچنين مقايسه نتايج دو جلسه تمريني نشان داد كه در تمرين HIIT سطوح كلسترول تام و LDL كاهش بيشتري داشت. به طور كلي تمرين هوازي را مي‌توان به عنوان روشي موثر براي بهبود سطوح نيمرخ چربي در نظر گرفت. همچنين مي‌توان از تمرين HIIT براي اين منظور و به عنوان روشي نوين و مفرح براي بهبود سطوح چربي خون بهره گرفت.