چكيده پيش‌زمينه: هايپوكسي حاد با كاهش اكسيژن‌رساني به دستگاه عصبي مركزي، موجب افت عملكردهاي شناختي و تعادل شده و مي‌تواند كارايي افراد را در فعاليت‌هاي ورزشي، نظامي و شغلي كاهش دهد. ازاين‌رو، شناسايي راهكارهاي مؤثر براي كاهش پيامدهاي شناختي و حركتي هايپوكسي از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است. كافئين به‌عنوان يكي از پرمصرف‌ترين تركيبات محرك سيستم عصبي مركزي، از طريق مهار گيرنده‌هاي آدنوزين مي‌تواند موجب افزايش هوشياري، بهبود توجه و ارتقاي عملكرد شناختي شود. با وجود اين، نتايج مطالعات پيشين درباره اثربخشي كافئين بر عملكردهاي شناختي در شرايط هايپوكسي متناقض بوده و شواهد محدودي درباره اثر همزمان آن بر مؤلفه‌هاي مختلف عملكرد شناختي و تعادل وجود دارد. بنابراين، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر مصرف حاد كافئين بر عملكردهاي شناختي و تعادل در شرايط هايپوكسي حاد بود. روش تحقيق: پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ روش‌شناسي يك پژوهش نيمه‌تجربي با طرح تحقيق درون‌گروهي به صورت دو‌سويه كور و با كنترل اثر دارونما بود. تعداد 20 دانشجوي پسر تربيت بدني از دانشكده علوم ورزشي دانشگاه رازي در اين پژوهش شركت كردند. هر آزمودني مجموعاً در 3 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور يافت. يك هفته پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي، هر شركت­كننده با انتصاب تصادفي با در نظر گرفتن موازنه متقابل در خصوص ترتيب دريافت مداخلات، در دو جلسه مجزا (1. مصرف كافئين در شرايط هايپوكسي؛ 2. مصرف دارونما در شرايط هايپوكسي) با فاصله يك هفته بين دو جلسه در آزمايشگاه متابوليسم و عملكرد ورزشي دانشكده علوم ورزشي دانشگاه رازي حضور يافت. ابتداي هر جلسه پس از خوشامدگويي و استراحت شركت­كننده، ماسك دستگاه هايپوكسي براي مشابه سازي شرايط پيش و پس­آزمون روي صورت شركت­كننده قرار گرفت و به ترتيب آزمون­هاي تعادل، زمان عكس­العمل انتخابي، كنترل مهاري (آزمون استروپ)، حافظه كاري (آزمون N-Back) و توجه و كنترل پاسخ (آزمون برو- نرو) اجرا و نتايج ثبت شد. سپس، شركت­كننده با برداشتن ماسك كپسول­هاي حاوي دارونما يا دوز تعيين شده كافئين را مصرف نمود. شخص ديگري به غير از محقق، چگونگي توزيع دارونما يا مكمل را به عهده داشت.   سپس در حالت نشسته روي صندلي از هواي خروجي دستگاه هايپوكسي به مدت 60 دقيقه از طريق ماسك تنفس كرد. سطح اشباع اكسيژن سرخرگي و ضربان قلب هر 3 دقيقه يك بار   پايش شد. پس از گذشت يك ساعت   به ترتيب آزمون­هاي تعادل، زمان عكس­العمل انتخابي، استروپ، N-Back و آزمون برو-نرو با فاصله زماني پنج دقيقه بين آزمون­ها اجرا شد. ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي پژوهش در تجزيه و تحليل آماري مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و از روش­هاي آماري پارامتريك آنواي دوراهه مركب با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري و تي وابسته و روش­هاي ناپارامتريك فريدمن و ويلكاكسون استفاده شد. در تمامي آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معناداري 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. تجزيه‌وتحليل آماري با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    نسخ? 27 انجام شد. يافته­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تغييرات تعادل پاي راست (از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون) بين دو شرايط كافئين و دارونما تفاوت معني‌داري داشت (p=0.033). به‌گونه‌اي كه در شرايط دارونما، تعادل پاي راست به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت (p<0.001)، در حالي كه در شرايط كافئين تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. همچنين، زمان عكس‌العمل انتخابي در شرايط دارونما از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش يافت (p<0.001)، اما در شرايط كافئين تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. شاخص بهره‌وري معكوس در شرايط كافئين از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت (p<0.001)، در حالي كه در شرايط دارونما تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. علاوه بر اين، تغييرات حافظه كاري بين دو شرايط كافئين و دارونما تفاوت معني‌داري داشت (p=0.016) و حافظه كاري در شرايط كافئين به‌طور معني‌داري بهبود يافت (p=0.012)، اما در شرايط دارونما تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. در مقابل، تفاوت معني‌داري بين دو شرايط در متغيرهاي كنترل پاسخ و تعادل پاي چپ در هيچ يك از شرايط مشاهده نشد. نتيجه‌گيري:

Abstract Background: Mental health is one of the main dimensions of health and a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, which has a decisive impact on the quality of individual and social life. However, the increasing prevalence of mental disorders, especially in developing societies and among women, has doubled the need to design effective and accessible interventions. Physical activity, including resistance training, as a well-known non-pharmacological method, plays a significant role in improving indicators such as quality of life, anxiety, self-confidence, and body image. In addition to exercise, new technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) also help improve psychological functions by inducing lasting neural changes. Previous research shows that the combination of these two methods can produce powerful synergistic effects; however, most previous research has examined the combination of tDCS and aerobic exercise, and fewer studies have focused on the simultaneous effects of resistance training and tDCS. Also, most of these studies have been conducted on men and there is insufficient evidence for women. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of four weeks of resistance training combined with tDCS on various dimensions of mental health in young women. Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-sectional design. 24 female subjects with no history of exercise training participated in this study. After the groups were determined, all participants attended a briefing session, and in the same session, one repetition maximum was measured using an estimated method based on the guidelines provided for estimating one repetition maximum. One week after the briefing session, pre-test measurements were taken 4 days before the start of the first training session. After completing the measurements in the pre-test phase, the "anodal + training" group performed a resistance training program for 4 weeks along with receiving non-invasive anodal brain stimulation after each resistance training session. The "sham + exercise" group had the same routine as the first group for 4 weeks, but instead of receiving anodal stimulation, they received sham stimulation. 48 hours after the end of the last exercise session, post-test measurements were performed with a similar procedure to the pre-test. Considering the number of questionnaires used in this study and in order to prevent the process of completing the questionnaires from being boring, a 4-day period was considered before and after the intervention, and an attempt was made to present and complete 2 questionnaires to the participants each day, separately in the morning and afternoon. The mean values ??of the research variables were used in statistical analysis, and parametric statistical methods such as independent t-test, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in both anodal + exercise groups (p = 0.011) and sham + exercise (p = 0.033) decreased immediately after the intervention, but in the anodal stimulation group, this decrease remained stable in the four-week follow-up period (p = 0.008), while in the sham group, the level of anxiety increased again in the follow-up period (p = 0.014). In other variables including quality of life, mental health, sleep quality, body image dimensions, self-confidence and cognitive flexibility, the main effect of time was significant and a significant improvement was observed compared to before the intervention (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the self-concept variable, neither the group nor the time effect was significant.

  ackground: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that is accompanied by progressive joint destruction, persistent systemic inflammation, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Factors like interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) play a central role in its pathogenesis. Exercise is recommended as a complementary therapy, but the acute inflammatory and neurophysiological response to a single session of aerobic activity and the difference of responses in hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study for the first time examined the effect of a single 30-minute session of moderate-intensity aerobic activity under normobaric hypoxia (13% oxygen, equivalent to an altitude of about 3800 meters) and normoxia on inflammatory indices and neurophysiological responses of these patients.Methods: This study was conducted in a controlled crossover design with counterbalanced order. After preliminary examinations, 16 men aged 30–64 years with rheumatoid arthritis living in Kermanshah voluntarily participated in this study. Before the main sessions, participants attended a familiarization session with the procedure. In this session, after full explanations about the procedure, possible benefits and harms, written consent was obtained. Then, participants were randomly assigned to two separate sessions (hypoxia and normoxia) with a one-week interval. In each session, after 30 minutes of rest in hypoxic or normoxic conditions, participants performed a 30-minute aerobic activity on a cycle ergometer at 65–75% of maximum heart rate under the same condition. In each session, blood sampling was performed before and after aerobic activity to measure IL-6, CRP, and ESR. Also, pain index, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO?) during aerobic activity; as well as sleep quality (Groningen questionnaire) and well-being (WBQ) on the night after aerobic activity were assessed. Normal distribution of data was checked with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and depending on the result, paired t-test (RPE, HR, SpO?, pain index, WBQ well-being score) or Wilcoxon test (IL-6, CRP, ESR, sleep quality) was used.Findings: The results of the present study showed that IL-6 decreased significantly after exercise in normoxic condition (p = 0.011), but did not change significantly under hypoxia. Also, ESR decreased significantly in both hypoxia and normoxia (respectively: p = 0.026, p = 0.043). SpO? during exercise was significantly lower in hypoxia (p < 0.001), and rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p = 0.019). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between hypoxia and normoxia for CRP, heart rate, pain, sleep quality, and well-being questionnaire scores.Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in men with rheumatoid arthritis is safe in terms of pain sensation, sleep quality, and well-being, both in normoxia and hypoxia, and men with rheumatoid arthritis can benefit from the advantages of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. However, aerobic exercise under hypoxia should be performed with caution and under supervision, because it may reduce part of the anti-inflammatory responses and increase physiological and perceptual load.Keywords: Normobaric hypoxia; Simulated altitude; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; C-reactive protein; Well-being; Sleep quality

   پيـش­زميـنه و اهداف: اضافه وزن و چاقي از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز طيف گسترده­اي از بيماري‌‌ها هستند. از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز اضافه وزن و چاقي مي­توان به ولع مصرف غذا، رفتارهاي تكانشي و تصميم­هاي با ريسك­ بالا در انتخاب و مصرف مواد غذايي اشاره نمود. از اين رو، استفاده از استراتژي­هاي موثر در كاهش ولع مصرف غذا و افزايش كنترل و مهار دروني همواره مورد توجه بوده است. نتايج تحقيقات متعدد آثار مثبت فعاليت بدني منظم را در كاهش ولع مصرف و افزايش مهار دروني نشان داده است. با اين حال، تاكنون پژوهشي در خصوص بررسي آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق انجام نشده است. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.    روش تحقيـق: بدين منظور، تعداد 15 زن داراي اضافه وزن و چاق كه داراي ولع مصرف غذا نيز بودند به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. آزمودني­ها به­صورت انتساب تصادفي در سه گروه مداخله شامل 1) تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط؛ 2) تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و 3) كنترل تقسيم­بندي شدند. در يك جلسه توجيهي، ويژگي­هاي آنتروپومتريك آزمودني­ها اندازه­گيري شد و آزمودني­ها با چگونگي انجام تمرينات هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا آشنا شدند. پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي و آشنايي آزمودني­ها با كليه مراحل پژوهش، آزمودني­ها در سه جلسه مجزا با فاصله 7 روز بين هر جلسه در محل اجراي پژوهش حضور يافتند   و در اين سه جلسه به صورت موازنه متقابل در معرض سه شرايط مختلف تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط، تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و گروه كنترل قرار گرفتند. در هر سه شرايط مراحل اجراي پژوهش يكسان بود. گروه كنترل در تمام اين مدت روال عادي زندگي را داشت و هيچ نوع مداخله­اي را دريافت ننمود. ولع مصرف غذا، ميزان اشتها، ترجيح غذايي، تكانشگري، تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير و انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط مشابه اندازه­گيري شدند. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت معني­داري در ولع مصرف غذا در پرسشنامه 15 سوالي بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. مقياس آنالوگ بصري ولع مصرف غذا   (مقياس بصري 12 سوالي) در شرايط تمرين هوازي و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. همچنين، 24 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ولع مصرف غذا در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود.متغير ميزان اشتها نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان اشتها   بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. اما درمورد ترجيح غذايي نتايج نشان داد كه پس از اتمام مداخلات، ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكلي معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. در مورد متغير تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير نيز نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. با اين وجود متغير انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي در شرايط تمرين هوازي به شكلي معني­داري بالاتر از شرايط كنترل بود.    نتيـجه­گيـري: با توجه به نتايج پژوهش حاضر مي­توان چنين نتيجه­گيري نمود كه تمرينات هوازي و تناوبي اثر مثبتي بر ولع مصرف غذا دارند. همچنين تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا اثر معناداري بر ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) دارد و تمرين هوازي نيز اثر مثبتي بر انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي دارد.چنين نتايجي به لحاظ كاربردي بسيار حائز اهميت مي‌باشد، گرچه لازم به ذكر است كه انجام مطالعات بيشتر جهت تاييد اين پروتكل و مكانيسم‌هاي دخيل در آن ضرورت دارد.    كلمات كليدي: تمرين هوازي، تمرين مقاومتي، ولع مصرف غذا، تكانشگري، تصميم­گيري ريسك پذير، چاقي و اضافه   و ترجيح غذايي.

Abstract Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation are among the non-invasive brain methods that have been used in various studies. tDCS, as one of the most common non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, has recently received special attention in sports science. However, limited research has been conducted on the effect of tDCS on improving athletic, cognitive, and perceptual performance in anaerobic activities of a repetitive nature. Transcranial pulsed current electrical stimulation (tPCS) has also attracted much attention as a new method. The importance of this approach is further emphasized when studies have shown that tPCS has a greater ability to increase cortical excitability than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of tDCS and tPCS on athletic performance and perceptual responses during and after six periods of maximal anaerobic activity.   

Abstract:    Background: Overweight and obesity have been considered as a global epidemic. craving for food, which is a strong desire to consume a certain type of food; (most foods with high calories and low nutritional value) is defined as one of the main causes of obesity and overweight. Craving for food is a psychological state with factors such as; Impulsivity, inhibitory control, risk-taking decision making and cognitive flexibility are related and it is mainly controlled in the prefrontal cortex and the Dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) area of ??the brain. It has been shown that even one session of physical activity can reduce food cravings. On the other hand, the role of non-invasive brain stimulation in reducing food cravings has also been well proven and the results of some meta-analyses have shown this well. Now, taking into account some gaps in the results of recent studies and the questions raised in this field, in the current research; The effect of an aerobic training session with two different types of transcranial brain stimulation including; direct current stimulation or transcranial pulsed current stimulation on variables; Food craving, food preference, appetite, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, cognitive flexibility and perceptual responses in obese or overweight women with food cravings have been investigated as the main objective. Methods: For this purpose, 15 obese or overweight female subjects with food cravings voluntarily participated in this research. And after holding a briefing session and familiarizing the subjects with all the stages of the research implementation, the subjects attended the research site in three separate sessions with an interval of 7 days between each session. And in these three sessions, being exposed to one of these three different conditions in a mutual balance: 1) aerobic exercise + transcranial direct current stimulation (AE+tDCS), 2) aerobic exercise + transcranial pulse current stimulation (AE+tPCS), 3) Aerobic exercise + sham stimulation (AE+Sham). In this research, the Latin square method was used to apply mutual balance. And in each session, after the subjects' presence at the place of research implementation and preliminary preparations, in the order of the variables; Food craving, appetite, food preference, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, cognitive flexibility and perceptual responses were measured. Then in the condition (AE+tDCS); First, the subjects received 20 minutes of direct current anodal stimulation in the left DLPFC region and then they began to perform aerobic exercise. In the (AE+tPCS) condition, the implementation of the protocol was the same, with the difference that the type of stimulation received was transcranial pulse current stimulation. And in (AE+Sham) conditions, subjects received sham stimulation for 20 minutes and then performed aerobic exercise. Immediately after the aerobic exercise in each session, the research variables were measured again. In addition, food craving were measured again 24 and 48 hours after the end of the exercise. Also, appetite and perceptual responses were recorded again at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours after the completion of aerobic exercise.    Findings:

Background and objective: Improvements in adipocytes levels can reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, indicating adipocytes to be a hopeful remedial target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related diseases. However, there is no consensus on the role of various exercise training on adipokines in T2DM and the results are contradictory. Therefore, this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression investigated the effects of different types of exercise training on some adipokines concentrations in T2DM.   Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to September 2024. Resistin ,Apelin,Visfatin and Vaspin were included   to investigate the effects of   exercise training in this study . Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird method) to calculate weighted means differences with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Analysis of 37 studies (52 intervention arms, n = 1811) demonstrated that exercise training significantly decreased resistin (MD: -1.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.57, p=0.0001) and visfatin (MD: -0.70 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.32, p =0.0002) levels but has no significant effect on Apelin (MD 0.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08, p =0.55)and Vaspin (MD: 0.00 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.0 to 0.0, p =0.69) levels compared to control in T2DM. Slightly stronger effects were observed in aerobic, combined and resistance training in men and mor than 8weeks of intervention. Meta- regression analysis also showed that there is a significant linear relation between resistin and BMI changes. Conclusions: Overall, exercise training decreased inflammatory indices with a positive supplementary effect for T2DM patient. Keywords: Exercise training, Adipokines, Insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes.   

Background: In the most recent studies, findings indicate that if transcranial directcurrent stimulation is applied as bilateral stimulation to both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the posterior-lateral prefrontal area (DLPFC) causes Corticospinal excitability will increase. Paying attention to this strategy became more important when the results of studies showed that the use of this type of stimulation can be more durable. On the other hand, another type of transcranial electrical stimulation called pulsed current stimulation has been associated with more positive effects compared to direct current stimulation. Therefore, according to the fact that, so far, no research has been done on the effect of bilateral stimulation either in the form of direct current or in the form of pulsed current on muscle performance in women, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of bilateral transcranial stimulation in the form of direct current or pulsed current on performance. Muscular as well as neurophysiological responses in submaximal isotonic contractions in healthy and active women.Research method: 15 subjects with a history of regularly performingresistance exercises participated in this research in an intra-group and counterbalanced design in a double-blind, placebo-controlled (Sham). For this purpose, in a briefing session, after familiarizing the subjects with the steps of the research and measuring the anthropometric characteristics, their maximum repetition in the desired movement was measured. One week after the orientation session, the subjects were randomly exposed to 3 different conditions in three separate sessions with a one-week interval between the sessions: 1) Dual-site stimulation of the transcranial direct current and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement stopped; 2) Dual-site stimulation of transcranial pulse current and performing 3 sets until leg press movement sto   and 3) sham stimulation and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement was stopped.Findings: The results of the present study showed that muscle pain in all conditionsincreased significantly from the first set to the third set (all p<0.05) andthe results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set of the leg press, the amount of muscle pain in the condition Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current was significantly lower than sham conditions (respectively: p=0.04; p=0.03). Also, the level of pleasure in all conditions decreased from the first set to the third set (all p < 0.05) and the results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set, the performance of the leg press movement felt pleasure in the conditions of Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current. It was significantly higher than the sham condition (respectively: p=0.01; p=0.03). In addition, the results showed that the choice   reaction time in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation after the implementation of the training protocol was significantly lower than the conditions before the implementation of the training protocol (p<0.004), while in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial pulsed current stimulation and sham showed no significant difference in the choice reaction time variable from before to after the implementation of the training protocol (p>0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the variable of inhibitory control, Rating of Perceived Exertion, the level of felt arousal and muscle function (number of repetitions to exhaustion) between any of the stimulation conditions (p>0.05).Conclusion:

مقدمه و هدف: دانش‌آموزاني كه داراي فعاليت بدني روزانه و منظم هستند، اغلب داراي قوه همكاري، سازگاري، روحيه بالاتر، كنترل ميزان هيجانات و احساسات،   روحيه نوع دوستي و فروتني بيشتر و درضمن به لحاظ تحصيلي نيز عملكرد بهتري دارند. لذا هدف از تحقيق حاضر، رابطه تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال و غيرفعال شهرستان سرپل ذهاب بود. روش شناسي: جامعه آماري اين پژوهش نيز تمامي دانش آموزان پسر 10-6 ساله مدارس ابتدايي شهرستان سرپل ذهاب بودند. نمونه‌ها به صورت خوشه اي تصادفي ساده انتخاب و شامل دانش‌آموزان فعال(20نفر) و دانش آموزان غيرفعال(20نفر) شدند. در جلسه نخست، از آزمون مهارت حركتي(تبحرحركتي) برونينكز-اوزرتسكي[1] و پرسشنامه خودكارآمدي استفاده گرديد. همچنين جهت تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از آزمون آماري همبستگي پيرسون استفاده شد. يافته ها: نتايج نشان داد كه ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال رابطه معناداري وجود دارد(p<0/05 ،   r=0/295 ) اما ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان عيرفعال رابطه معناداري وجود ندارد(p>0/05 ، همچنين ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال و غيرفعال تفاوت معناداري وجود دارد. بحث و نتيجه گيري: با توجه به نتايج بدست آمده، به مربيان و معلمان توصيه مي شود كه در جهت ارتقاي فعاليت بدني و افزايش تبحرحكتي نوجوانان بپردازند كه سبب افزايش حس توامندي، خودباوري و خودكارآمدي نوجوان شود. [1]. Bruninks-Oseretsky   

Abstract Background: Most anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in non-contact situations such as cutting and landing. Fatigue may alter the biomechanics of the lower limbs during these activities, leading to a higher likelihood of non-contact ACL injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of trunk muscle and neuromuscular fatigue on lower limb function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time in elite athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 32 elite athletes who met our inclusion criteria. Demographic characteristics and baseline assessments were performed in the first session. During the second session, participants were assigned an accident scenario involving neuromuscular or trunk muscle fatigue, followed by the post-test conducted immediately after the onset of fatigue (reaching 80% vertical jump height). Subsequently, a 72-hour period of rest was allocated to alleviate the effects of fatigue. Following this, the subjects were subjected to cross-over fatigue, and the test was taken immediately afterward. Lower extremity function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time were assessed before and immediately after fatigue protocols as study outcome measures. Lower limb performance with four tests of single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, timed hop test and 6-meter, and triple-crossover hop for distance, lumbopelvic control with lateral step down, landing mechanics by The Landing Error Scoring System-Real Time and video camera and analysis of landing video with Kinovea 0.9.5 and Digimizer software, to check knee control, electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, by electromyography device, dynamic balance With the Y test, plantar pressure distribution with PT-scan device, reaction speed of subjects' reaction with multiple choice reaction timer device were evaluated as study outcomes. Results: The results of one way ANOVA test showed that after trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue There is a significant difference in Y balance test scores, lower limb function tests, feedforward electrical activity of muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, landing mechanics and lumbopelvic control (P<0.05). Next, the results of the one way ANOVA test showed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of elite athletes (P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue have an effect on the predictors of lower limb injury in elite athletes with repeated landings and can be a risk factor for the occurrence of lower limb injuries. However, they did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of the subjects. Key Words: Trunk muscle fatigue, neuromuscular fatigue, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, balance, knee joint control, injury, elite athletes      

Background: Improving sports performance and speeding up the recovery process following sports meetings or competitions is one of the main priorities of athletes and sports coaches. This has led to the use of new strategies and approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulation is one of the relatively new approaches in the field of sports science, and the results of various studies in the past two decades have shown the positive effects of this intervention on various aspects of sports performance. However, the use of this method has often been in a single session and just before performing a sports activity, which is not very practical in real conditions. Therefore, in the current study, taking into account the research gaps in this field and using recent findings regarding the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation, the effects of three consecutive sessions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation on sports and cognitive performance, answer Psycho-physiological and recovery were investigated in endurance trained women. Methods: In terms of methodology, the present study was a semi-experimental study with an intergroup research design in a two-way blind and with the control of the placebo effect (sham). 26 endurance trained female subjects participated in this research. Each subject attended a total of 8 separate sessions in the laboratory. In the first session, anthropometric measurements and familiarization with the research implementation process were performed. In the second session, maximum power output (PPO) was measured using the Astrand test for women. The third session was considered to measure the basic values ??of choice reaction time (CRT), Stroop test (SCWT), explosive power (SJT) and 3 km time trail (3Km TT). After that, the subjects who were randomly divided into groups of Dual-site anodal stimulation (M1 and DLPFC areas) or sham stimulation received stimulation specific to their group in 3 consecutive sessions with an interval of 24 hours between each session. (fourth to sixth session). 24 hours after the last stimulation session, in the seventh session, each subject performed a residual endurance activity with an intensity equal to 75% PPO, and during the performance of the activity, the amplitude of the quadriceps muscles (EMG), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), pain sensation, pleasure sensation and level of arousal were evaluated and recorded; After reaching the exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded and immediately SJT, 3Km TT, CRT and SCWT were measured again. Finally, 24 hours after the implementation of the residual endurance activity and in the last session, the mental indicators of recovery (WBQ and TQR questionnaires), CRT, SCWT, SJT and 3Km TT were measured and recorded. The average values ??of the research variables were used in the statistical analysis, and the parametric statistical methods of t-independent, mixed two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and non-parametric statistical methods of Friedman and Man- Whitney was used for statistical analysis of data. Findings:

مقدمه: توسعه و محبوبيت رشته ورزشي واليبال در ميان اقشار جامعه به خصوص جوانان در چند سال اخير كه با تغييرات گسترده در قوانين مسابقه و روش تمرين همراه بوده، انجام مطالعات علمي به منظور بررسي ابعاد روانشناختي و ادراكي شخصيت ورزشكاران و عواملي نظير كيفيت زندگي و يا خودپندار? كه از مهم‌ترين عوامل متأثر از ورزش و فعاليت بدني بوده و مي‌تواند بر عملكرد بهينه ورزشكاران تأثيرگذار باشند و هم‌چنين وضعيت و ميزان آگاهي ورزشكاران از دانش تغذيه‌اي را به موضوعي مهم و ضروري مبدل ساخته است. از اين رو پژوهش حاضر به منظور آگاهي از سلامت عمومي ورزشكاران كه مي‌تواند به شناخت بهتر از شرايط جسمي، رواني و شناختي اين ورزشكاران كمك نمايد، بسيار حائز اهميت است.روش تحقيق: به‌منظور اجراي اين تحقيق، پس از گزينش آزمودني‌ها بر مبناي شاخص‌هاي ورود و منع ورود به تحقيق، پرسشنامه‌هاي كيفيت زندگي، خودپنداره و دانش تغذيه‌اي توسط آنان تكميل شد. ميانگين مقادير به دست آمده در متغيرهاي پژوهش با مقادير نرمال مقايسه شد.يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق حاضر نشان داد كه ميانگين مقادير كيفيت زندگي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) بيشتر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. اما اين تفاوت، معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير خود‌پنداره در مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??/??) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود اما اين تفاوت نيز معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير دانش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) در نظر گرفته شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير نگرش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (?) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود (?/???p).نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج تحقيق حاضر حاكي از آن بود كه مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام در شاخص‌هاي خودپنداره و نيز كيفيت زندگي در وضعيت مطلوبي قرار دارند در حاليكه داراي سطح دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي بسيار پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار بودند. گرچه عوامل متعددي در كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره نقش دارند، اما شايد بتوان كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره مطلوب در پژوهش حاضر را به آثار مثبت جسماني و رواني رشته واليبال نيز نسبت داد. اين امر لزوم توجه به توسعه كمي و كيفي اين رشته را نمايان مي‌سازد. از سوي ديگر، بر مبناي نتايج پژوهش حاضر و اهميت دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در سلامت شخصي و حرفه‌اي ورزشكاران، ضرورت دارد اقداماتي در راستاي بهبود اين شاخص‌هاي در واليباليست‌هاي شهر ايلام انجام پذيرد.

  بسياري از ورزشكاران رشته‌هاي قدرتي و تركيبي براي تحريك عضلات به رشد، به دنبال راه‌هايي براي افزايش ترشح GH هستند. استفاده از هورمون‌هاي پپتيدي نظير GH توسط سازمان جهاني مبارزه با دوپينگ از سال 1989 ممنوع شده است. درنتيجه ورزشكاران به دنبال استفاده از مكمل‌هاي مجازي هستند كه سبب افزايش ترشح GH شوند. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي تاثير شش هفته تمرين تركيبي با مكمل دهي خارخاسك بر هورمون رشد در ورزشكاران مرد آماتور رشته كراسفيت است. به همين منظور 30 ورزشكار در گروه هاي آزمايشي (تمرين &#43; مكمل، تمرين &#43; دارونما، تمرين) قرار مي گيرند و به مدت شش هفته تمرينات تركيبي را مي گذرانند. گروه تمرين&#43;مكمل پيش از آغاز هر جلسه تمرين، ميزان 450 ميلي‌گرم عصاره خارخاسك را به‌صورت يك كپسول ژلاتيني قبل از تمرين مصرف ميكنند و گروه تمرين&#43;دارونما، نيز يك كپسول ژلاتيني حاوي 450 ميلي گرم دارونما (نشاسته) با شكل و رنگ مشابه كپسول هاي خارخاسك را مصرف ميكنند. گروه تمرين نيز، فقط در جلسات تمريني شركت ميكنند. در پايان شش هفته تاثيرات بر روي سطح سرمي GH و افزايش قدرت ورزشكاران انداره گيري مي شود.

   Abstract Research has shown that direct transcranial stimulation, which is a non-invasive method without side effects, increases cognitive and motor functions. In fact, TDCS is an effective method to increase working memory and improve brain function in fatigue conditions, which has been researched in healthy and injured people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and executive functions in a single bout of endurance activity in semi-endurance runners. The method of the current research was experimental and the subjects of this research included 14 adult male half-endurance runners who were selected as available. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance at a significant level (p?0.05), and by    test. The results of the present research showed that the group that received electrical stimulation had a significant difference compared to the sham group in the phase of obtaining the results. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC significantly increased the time to reach paralysis (p = 0.022), decreased understanding pressure (p = 0.027), reduction of pain (p = 0.016) and even though it did not reach a significant level in the following components, but its positive effects were clear, for example, reduction in heart rate (p = 0.253) p), increasing the sense of pleasure (p = 0.391), increasing the arousal level (p = 0.597), improving hypofrontal function (p = 0.597) (in the countdown test), increasing the bimanual coordination score (43. p = 0) and (F = 0.66) reducing the choice reaction time (p = 0.235) and (F = 1.549), reducing the time to perform the Stroop test (p = 0.235) and (1.549 = F) compared to the sham stimulation condition. Findings: The results of the correlated t test showed that the time to retardation (TTE) in anodal stimulation conditions was significantly higher than in sham stimulation conditions (p = 0.022). And also according to the confirmation of the normality of the data distribution in the flexibility variable based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test (p?0.05), in order to analyze the results of this variable from the statistical test of the dichotomy with size [2x2] repeated measures, condition factor with two levels (two types of stimulation) and time factor with two levels (pre-test and post-test) were used. In the bimanual coordination variable, the interaction effect of conditions and time was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). Due to the non-significance of the interaction effect, the main effect of condition and time was used for analysis. The results of the main effect of condition showed that there was no significant difference in bimanual coordination between the two conditions (p = 0.81). On the other hand, the results of the main effect of time showed that the values of two-handed coordination decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the available results, it can be said that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area can have ergogenic effects on submaximal endurance activity by influencing the central and peripheral mechanisms. Of course, it is important to note that this study is the first study that investigated the acute effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on the athletic, cognitive and perceptual performance of semi-endurance runners, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further research in order to confirm these results.

   The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of perceived feasibility and desirability on the entrepreneurial intentions of sports science students. The present research method is descriptive-survey in terms of type. The statistical population of this research is all students of sports sciences in Iran. The sampling method was simple random and the statistical sample size was also calculated according to Morgan's table. Finally, 389 people were selected as the statistical population. The instrument used for this research is based on the standard questionnaire of Shapro and Sokol (1982). In the present study, the face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts, and their construct validity was tested and confirmed by first-order factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, and its value was 0.952.    software was used for data analysis and PLS3 software was used to design the structural equation model and check the hypotheses. Therefore, based on the findings of this research, the perceived probability had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of sports science students with an impact factor of 0.502. Also, perceived desirability had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of sports science students with an impact factor of 0.445, and perceived desirability had a positive and significant impact on the perceived feasibility of sports science students with an impact factor of 0.773, and finally, perceived desirability It had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of sports science students through perceived probability with an impact coefficient of 0.389. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that in order for sports science students to reach their entrepreneurial goals, they should focus on the indicators identified in this research.

  Abstract:The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of plyometric, resistance, and Interval exercise methods on hemodynamic responses in male volleyball players. The statistical population of this study was male volleyball players aged 18 to 23 years in Kermanshah. The sample size was 15 male volleyball players from Kermanshah. In a within-group design, blood pressure and ankle-brachial index of subjects were measured on three different days with intervals of one week and each time before and after a bout of exercise. The exercise that subjects did on each of the visit days included resistance, plyometric or interval exercise. The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure after and before the exercise was considered as the post-exercise hypotension and the difference in the ankle-brachial index before and after the activity was considered as the change in the ankle-brachial index. The results showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a significant decrease in all three conditions of interval, resistance, and plyometric exercise compared to the resting level. However, post exercise systolichypotension after interval training was significantly more than resistance exercise (p=.012) as well as plyometric exercise (p<.001); and after resistance exercise was more than plyometric exercise (p<.001). Post exercise diastolichypotension after intermittent exercise was significantly more than plyometric exercise (p=.007); and after resistance exercise was more than plyometric exercise (p=.023), but there was no significant difference between the two types of interval and resistance exercise (p=.199). Ankle brachial index did not find any significant difference after any type of exercise. In addition, there was no significant difference between the changes of this index from rest to post-exercise between the three conditions. In the general conclusion, it can be stated that a bout of intermittent, resistance, or plyometric exercise can be associated with post-exercise hypotension in male volleyball players and the greatest drop ocuures after the intermittent, resistance, and plyometric exercise, respectively.Keywords:Post exercise hypotension, Blood pressure, Ankle Brachial Index, Interval exercise, Resistance exercise, Plyometric exercise, Volleyball

  AbstractIntroduction: In recent years, the consumption of carbohydrates and caffeine, the use of various mouthwashes have been seriously considered, so the purpose of the present research is the combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash on exercise, cognitive and perceptual performance during and after endurance activity under The condition was mental fatigue.Research method: The current research has a within-group research design, randomly in four groups of mental voice induction + combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two residual effects; 2) mental induction + placebo during the implementation of two stimulants 3 (combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two stimulants (without mental stimulation); 4) placebo during two stimulants (without mental induction) has been investigated .Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to adherence was higher than the Placebo and MF+Placebo conditions. Also, no significant difference in EMG was observed between the four different conditions. RPE in the CCMR condition was significantly lower than in the MF+PLA condition. On the other hand, the Stroop test in the CMR condition was significantly lower than the Placebo condition and the MF+Placebo condition as well as the MF+CCMR condition, but the reaction time Choice in CCMR conditions was significantly lower than MF+Placebo, as well as MF+CCMR and Placebo. Finally, the best sense of pleasure and the amount of pleasure in CCMR conditions was significantly higher than the other four conditions.Conclusion: According to the available results, it seems that carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash can have an ergogenic effect on submaximal endurance activity in mental work conditions by affecting the central and peripheral mechanisms.

  It has been stated that high-intensity intermittent activity can cause damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation by producing reactive oxygen-nitrogen species, and as a result, reduce sports performance. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of short-term consumption of omega-3 supplements on C-reactive protein, muscle damage, and liver enzymes following a session of high-intensity interval training in overweight girls. To carry out this clinical trial, 24 women in the age range of 20 to 25 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two omega-3 supplement groups after completing the health form and written consent from the overweight girls of Razi University of Kermanshah (12). people and placebo (12 people) will be placed

   چكيده پيش زميـنه و اهداف: اعتياد به موادمخدر به عنوان يك بيماري مزمن و عودكننده كه از اثرات طولاني‌مدت داروها برمغز ناشي مي‌شود، تعريف مي‌شود. اعتياد به موادمخدر به طور غيرمستقيم و مستقيم عامل8/11 ميليون مرگ در سال درجهان است. براساس مطالعه بار‌جهاني بيماري، اين تعداد بيشتراز مرگ‌و‌مير ناشي از سرطان است و يك پنجم كل مرگ‌و‌ميرها در سراسر جهان را تشكيل مي‌دهد. از اين رو، علاوه بر روش­هاي درمان دارويي، توجه به انواع استراتژي­هاي غير دارويي در اين زمينه همواره مورد توجه بوده است. فعاليت بدني و تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز هريك به­نوعي آثار مثبتي را بر روند درماني اعتياد و عدم تمايل به مصرف مجدد داشته­اند اما تا كنون مطالعه­اي كه به بررسي آثار همزمان اين دو استراتژي بر متغيرهاي مهم در بيماري اعتياد پرداخته باشد؛ انجام نشده است. از اين رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر تحريك جريان مستقيم فراجمجمه­اي و تمرين دايره­اي بر ولع مصرف مواد مخدر، تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در زنان وابسته به مواد مخدر در دوره بازتواني بود. روش­ تحقيـق: پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 11 زن داراي سابقه اعتياد كه پس از مرحله پاك­سازي در حال سپري نمودن دوره بازتواني در كمپ ترك اعتياد بودند در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در فاز اجرايي پژوهش با ترتيب تصادفي و با فاصله زماني يك هفته بين هر جلسه در معرض چهار شرايط مداخله­اي شامل 1) تحريك آنودال + تمرين؛ 2) تحريك شم + تمرين؛ 3) تحريك آنودال؛ 4) تحريك شم قرار گرفت. در شرايط 1 ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال مغزي به شدت 2 ميلي­آمپر بر روي ناحيه DLPFC راست اعمال و سپس آزمودني­ها برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 2، ابتدا آزمودني­ها 20 تحريك شَم را دريافت كرده و سپس برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 3، آزمودني­ها 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال را مشابه شرايط 1 دريافت كرده و سپس در مدت زمان برابر با تمرين ورزشي يك ويديو آموزشي را مشاهده نمودند. در حالت 4 نيز شرايط مشابه با حالت 3 بود با اين تفاوت كه آزمودني­ها ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك شم دريافت كردند. متغيرهاي ولع مصرف موارد، حس لذت و انگيختگي در زمان­هاي قبل از اعمال مداخله و 1، 2، 4، 24 و 48 ساعت بعد از اعمال مداخله اندازه­گيري شدند. متغيرهاي تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات اندازه­گيري شدند.   يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش در ارتباط با ولع مصرف مواد نشان داد كه در مقاطع زماني 1، 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقطع زماني 4 و 24 ساعت پس از تمرين ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از هر سه شرايط ديگر بود. نتايج پژوهش در خصوص تكانشگري نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان تكانشگري در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. همچنين، پس از اعمال مداخلات، امتياز تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود. مقادير حس لذت در حين تمرين در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين؛ تحريك شم+تمرين و تحريك آنودال به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. بلافاصله بعد از اعمال مداخله، حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك آنودال و تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 1 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. نهايتاً، ميزان انگيختگي در حين و بلافاصله پس از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. 1 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشاز از حالت تحريك شم و تحريك آنودال بود. نتيـجه­گيـري:

   Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is one of the innovative methods that has been used in sports in recent years. NIBS, also known as neural doping, involves modulating the activity of neuronal circuits in different brain regions to induce optimal effects on sports performance. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is the most commonly used non-invasive brain stimulation technique, and various research studies have demonstrated its effectiveness on different aspects of sports performance. However, limited studies have been conducted regarding the efficacy of this method on endurance, cognitive function, and perceptual performance under mental fatigue conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and cognitive performance of trained men, both with and without mental fatigue. Method: The present study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. A total of 15 trained male participants were enrolled in this research. Each participant attended five separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session served as an introduction to the research process and included anthropometric measurements and the measurement of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) using an incremental treadmill running test. In the second to fifth sessions, participants were randomly exposed to four different conditions: 1) induction of mental fatigue + tDCS stimulation + endurance running, 2) induction of mental fatigue + sham stimulation + endurance running, 3) tDCS stimulation + endurance running, and 4) sham stimulation + endurance running. In each session, participants first performed the Stroop test and the choice reaction time test. Then they were exposed to one of the four aforementioned conditions and received 20 minutes of brain stimulation. After the stimulation, participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% MAS until exhaustion on the treadmill. During the endurance activity, the amplitude of the VL, VM, and RF muscles, Rated Perceived Exertion, pleasure Sensation, pain, and arousal were measured every 5 minutes. After reaching exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded, followed by a repeated measurement of the Stroop test and reaction time. The mean values of the research variables were used for analysis. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to exhaustion in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p=0.004). Additionally, the mean amplitude of EMG activity in the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p=0.004). Moreover, the mean electrical activity of the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p =0.040). The mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p = 0.013), and the mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.042). The mean pleasure sensation in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.032). The mean choice reaction time in the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.030). Additionally, the mean choice reaction time in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.019). Conclusion

in the present study, the effects of multi-session transcranial direct current stimulation and regular physical activity on food cravings, impulsivity, risk-taking decision-making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were investigated. Methods: For this purpose, 36 overweight and obese women who also had food cravings voluntarily participated as subjects in this research. Subjects were randomly assigned to three intervention groups including 1) anodal stimulation + exercise; 2) sham stimulation + training; and 3) control were divided. Anodal stimulation+exercise group and sham stimulation+exercise group were exposed to anodal stimulation of the target area (right DLPFC) in the brain and sham stimulation for 5 consecutive days and every day for 20 minutes. After the end of 5 days, both intervention groups performed 3 sessions of aerobic exercise per week for 4 weeks within the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The control group had a normal routine of life all this time and did not receive any type of intervention. The variables of food craving, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were measured before and after the interventions in similar conditions. Results: The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the amount of food cravings in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the amount of food craving in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the impulsivity level in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the level of impulsivity in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research also showed that after the interventions, the risk-taking decision score in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the control group. After the interventions, the level of depression in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Also, after the interventions, self-concept increased significantly in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups compared to the control group. Finally, after the interventions, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly higher than the control group. Also, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the sham stimulation+exercise group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the use of consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain anodal stimulation in the right DLPFC region and endurance training for four weeks have synergistic effects in reducing food cravings and Adjustment of psychological variables is related to it and therefore can be used as an efficient strategy in the target society.   

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an 8-week course of Heidelberg ball games on the functional and psychological factors of 6-13-year-old boys with autism. The dependent variables in this research included static balance, dynamic balance, body measurement indices, social skills, anxiety and sleep habits. For this purpose, 24 boys aged 6-13 with autism (level one) of Rozeneh Hamadan center under the supervision of welfare organization, all of whom had medical records, participated. After examining the conditions of the candidates based on the entry and exclusion criteria for the research, the subjects and their parents were familiarized with the process of doing the work and written consents were obtained from them. Then, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people, test and control. The subjects of the experimental group were familiarized with the training protocol in a briefing and training session before the start of the training period, and then participated in an 8-week period (two sessions per week) of Heidelberg volleyball games. The control group did not participate in any special exercise program after completing the questionnaires, body measurements, and measuring static and dynamic balance. After 8 weeks, both test and control groups were re-evaluated. Pairwise comparisons show improvement in dynamic balance and static (p<0.001), significant weight loss (p<0.083), improvement in body mass index (p<0.096), decrease in body fat percentage (p<0.001), decrease in anxiety level (p<0.001), increase in social skills (p <0.001), and improved sleep (p<0.001) in the experimental group.   

هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي آثار دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي بانوان دانشجوي تربيت­بدني در شرايط هايپوكسي پس از مصرف استازولاميد بود. در شرايط هايپوكسي احتمال بروز مشكلاتي از جمله تضعيف عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي وجود دارد. از سوي ديگر ابتلا به كوه­گرفتگي حاد در ارتفاع بالاتر از 2500 متر محتمل است كه در حال حاضر داروي تأييد شده براي پيش­گيري از آن استازولاميد مي­باشد. اما، بسياري از پژوهش­ها بيانگر اثر منفي استازولاميد بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي هستند. يكي از مكمل­هايي كه براي مقابله با خستگي بدني و به منظور بهبود عملكرد شناختي مصرف مي­شود جنسينگ است. هدف پژوهش حاضر تعيين اثر همزمان استازولاميد و جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي در شرايط هايپوكسي بود. پژوهش حاضر با يك طرح متقاطع درون‌گروهي با موازنه متقابل و به صورت دوسويه كور اجرا شد. تعداد 10 بانوي دانشجوي رشته علوم ورزشي به صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شركت كردند. جداي از جلسات آشنايي و اندازه­گيري­هاي اوليه، هر آزمودني دوبار در آزمايشگاه حضور داشت و آزمون‌ زمان عكس العمل را در شرايط نورموكسي و هيپوكسي و تست هوازي وامانده‌ساز را در شرايط هايپوكسي انجام داد. در ابتدا، آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي در دو دسته پنج نفري آ و ب جاي گرفتند.دسته آ به مدت چهارده روز جنسينگ و در آخرين روز (روز قبل از آزمون) استازولاميد و در روز آزمون آخرين دوز جنسينگ و استازولاميد را مصرف كرد. شرايط در دسته ب نيز به همان صورت است با   اين تفاوت كه به جاي جنسينگ دارونما مصرف شد. فاصله بين دو شرايط براي هر آزمودني دست­كم يك هفته بود. نتايج پژوهش حاكي از آن بود كه پس از دو هفته مصرف مكمل جنسينگ، افزايش معناداري در زمان رسيدن به واماندگي (018/0=p) و كاهش معناداري در ميزان درك فشار (003/0=p) حين فعاليت استقامتي در شرايط هايپوكسي وجود دارد. همچنين نشان داده شد كه دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر تعداد ضربان قلب، اشباع اكسيژن سرخرگي و عملكرد شناختي در هيچ مقطع زماني بين دو گروه (جنسينگ و دارونما) اثر معناداري ندارد (05/0<p).

The central muscles of the body and the lumbar-pelvic region are the foundation of the body and are considered the so-called engine of the body that provides movement for all organs, which makes this area important. The mentioned areas are considered as kinetic areas, which are responsible for the communication between the lower and upper limbs, as well as the transfer of power and torque between the two upper and lower torsos in sports skills and daily activities. In recent years, there have been hypotheses that the instability, lack of strength and lack of coordination of the muscles in the upper limbs compared to the lower limbs, has a greater effect on the center of the body and the function of the muscles and joints of this area. The aim of our current research is to investigate the effect of lumbar-pelvic motor control disorders on balance, motor function and scapular movement disorders in throw ball athletes of Kermanshah province  

   The Effect of Six-Week Neruomuscular Exercises in Combination with Cognitive-Motivational and Mindfulness Interventions on Pain, Function, Neurofeedback Factores, Kinesiophobia, and Self-Reported Knee Instability Improvement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Hamedan Province    Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease with its negative consequences. It knowns as the third cause of disability in the world. In order to improve the quality of life and increase physical performance, Kinesiophobia, self-reported instability, flexion contracture, the risk of falling and increase the ability to maintain balance, in this research, we used the effectiveness of 6 weeks of neuromuscular exercises with a combination of cognitive-motivational interventions and mindfulness in women with knee osteoarthritis in Hamadan city. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, which is an experimental type with a pre-test&am  ost-test and control group design; It was carried out in the sports rehabilitation center of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bu Ali Sina University in the period of February to September 1400. In this research, 60 women with knee osteoarthritis were selected and   they randomly were divided into three groups: (1): Neuromuscular exercises with motivational interviewing (20 people) group, (2): Neuromuscular exercises with mindfulness interventions (20 people) group and (3): Neuromuscular exercises (control) group Before and after six weeks of interventions,   ain was evaluated with a visual analog scale(VAS), physical performance with WOMAC questionnaire, quality of life with SF36, Kinesiophobia with TSK-17, knee instability (KI) with Fitzgard scale, time up and go (TUG) and and time of up and down stairs tests, walking pattern with Zebris device, balance with Biodex device and berg questionnaire, the Single Leg Lift test, flexion range of motion, knee proprioception and Knee Flexion Contracture (KFC) with goniometer and finally pain-related neurofeedback factors were evaluated with Percomp Infini device. Data were analyzed by    version 22 software and independent sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The research findings showed that based on intra-group comparisons, all three groups of NM+MI, NM+MF and NM exercises after six weeks of training in all factors (pain, performance, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests and static and dynamic balance, (KFC), berg, stepping pattern, pain-related neurofeedback factors, knee proprioception, TSK, (KI)) experienced a significant improvement (p<0.05). But after the adjustment of the pre-test, the comparison of the groups in the post-test showed that the NM + MI group in comparison to the the NM+MF group ,   they improved pain, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests the overall balance score in the eyes closed position, and anterior-posterior oscillations. the NM + MI group had a more significant effect than the NM+MF group (p<0.05); However, the NM+MF group only improved the quality of life compared to the NM+MI group (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this study, it was found that the application of psychological interventions along with physical exercises can have a double effect. Among the psychological interventions used, motivational interviewing is more effective in improving symptoms and commitment & interest in continuing treatment in patients with osteoarthritis.    Key Words: Knee instability, Osteoarthritis, Motivational Interview, Mind fullness, Neuromascular exercises, Nerofeedback, Kinesiofobia, Flexion contracture.

   چكيده سابقه و هدف: با توجه به اينكه در هر دو زمينه اثر ارتفاع و اثر مصرف استازولاميد در ارتفاع بر عملكرد شناختي داده هاي ضد و نقيضي وجود دارد، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر مصرف استازولاميد و هيپوكسي بر عملكرد شناختي است. در تحقيق حاضر فرض بر اين است كه ACZ با دوز پايين عملكرد شناختي را در صورت قرار گرفتن حاد در ارتفاع بالا شبيه‌سازي شده مختل نمي‌كند. بنابراين، هدف از اين مطالعه بررسي تعامل بين دوز كم ACZ و عملكرد شناختي در شرايط هيپوكسي نرموباريك بود. مواد و روش­ها: 14 دانشجوي مرد دانشگاه رازي كه همگي با روش نمونه­گيري هدفمند و در دسترس با توجه به اهداف تحقيق به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين مطالعه شركت نمودند. در اولين مراجعه به آزمايشگاه آزمون هاي زمان عكس العمل به منظور آشنايي با تست انجام شد و پس از گذشت 5 دقيقه آزمون ها براي ارزيابي سطوح پايه عملكرد شناختي اجرا شد. پس از 48 ساعت (روز سوم) مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما آغاز شد (2 دوز 125 ميلي گرمي در روز سوم، و 1 دوز ديگر در صبح روز بعد). در روز 4 و به فاصله دست كم 90 دقيقه از صرف صبحانه، تست هاي زمان عكس العمل اجرا شد و بلافاصه پس از آن ماسك ويژه دستگاه هايپوكسي روي بيني و دهان فرد فيكس شده و هايپوكسي (اكسيژن تنفسي 10 درصد) اعمال شد. نيم ساعت پس از اعمال هايپوكسي، در حالي كه هنوز ماسك روي صورت فرد است و اعمال هايپوكسي ادامه دارد، انجام تست هاي زمان عكس العمل   تكرار شد. پس از روز 4، يك هفته دوره زدايش در نظر گرفته شده است. پس از اين دوره يك هفته اي يعني روز 12، آنهايي كه در روزهاي 3 و 4 استازولاميد مصرف كرده بودند، به همان ترتيب دارونما مصرف مي كنند و بالعكس. روند كار در روزهاي 12 و 13 بجز مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما عيناً همانند روزهاي 3 و 4 بود. در كليه زمان هاي اندازه گيري، اشباع اكسيژن خون سرخرگي و ضربان قلب نيز با استفاده از دستگاه پالس اكسيمتر اندازه گيري و ثبت شد. از آزمون تي همبسته و ضريب همبستگي پيرسون براي آناليز داده ها استفاده شد. سطح معناداري 05/0 P< در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج: نتايج مقايسه مصرف استازولاميد و دارونما در شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي نشان داد كه داده هاي SRT، VRT به ترتيب در هر دو شرايط كاهش معناداري نشان دادند (P<0/05) و تنها در شرايط نورموكسي داده هاي VRT تغيير معناداري نشان نداد (P=0/100). همچنين داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P=0/013) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف استازولاميد هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. در رابطه با داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P<0/001) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف دارونما هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. نتيجه­گيري: نتايج نشان داد كه اگرچه استازولاميد مي‌تواند به طور موثري عملكرد شناختي را پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض ارتفاع بالا شبيه سازي شده بهبود بخشد، اما احتمالا داراي عوارض جانبي عصبي روان‌شناختي قابل‌توجهي است. بنابراين، بايد با احتياط و در موارد ضروري بايد تجويز شود. واژه­هاي كليدي: ارتفاع بالا،، شرايط هايپوكسي، كوه گرفتگي حاد، عملكرد شناختي

  Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder that is mainly caused by overweight and obesity accumulating inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in the prevention, control, and treatment of diabetes. While decreased physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with obesity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B genes in the visceral fat tissue of obese rats with type 2 diabetes.Research Method: In this experimental study, fifty 4 to 5 weeks old Wistar male rats, weighing 180 to 210 grams, were randomly selected after screening among 55 rats. First, rats were randomly divided into a healthy food group (n=10) and a high-fat diet (n=40); After 2 weeks of weight gain in the high-fat diet group, intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) was injected; After confirming diabetes in high-fat diet group the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 in each group): aerobic training + vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D), control (C). Then, the rats of the AT and AT+Vit D groups performed an 8-week aerobic training 5 days a week. Vitamin D and AT+Vit D groups received 5000 international units of vitamin D once a week by injection. While sesame oil was injected instead in AT and C groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of aerobic training and after a night of fasting, blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin levels and for AMPK, PGC-1a, PTP1B, and UCP-1 gene expression, the visceral fat samples were collected by dissection. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software.Results: Based on our results, BW, BMI, FI, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT+Vit D, AT and Vit D groups compared to the C group (P<0.001); While the healthy control and diabetic control groups showed a significant increase in BW, BMI, and FI. Based on these results, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference in BW, BMI, and FI between all five grou   with the AT+Vit D group showing the greatest decrease in BW, BMI, and FI compared to other groups. Also, the research findings showed that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B in the white fat tissue of type 2 diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Although a significant improvement was observed in the aforementioned variables in the AT and Vit D alone, compared to the control group. In the AT+Vit D, the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, and UCP-1 was significantly higher and the expression of PTP1B genes was significantly lower than in AT or Vit D groups. Also, the results of this study showed a significant difference between the AT and Vit D groups in the mentioned variables. In addition, after eight weeks of intervention, the serum irisin, and vitamin D levels increased significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   However, serum irisin and vitamin D levels were decreased in the diabetic control group.

   چكيده: هدف: در ميان تمامي شيوه‌هايي كه به‌منظور ارتقاء عملكرد ورزشكاران بكار برده مي‌شوند، مي‌توان به مداخلات تغذيه‌اي نيز اشاره كرد كه علاوه بر تأثيرگذاري درشت­مغذي ها، تأثيرگذاري ريزمغذي­ها و ساير تركيبات موجود در خوراكي­ها را نيز شامل مي‌شود. نيترات رژيمي و ال سيترولين، ازجمله اين مواد هستند كه در برخي مواد خوراكي همچون چغندر قرمز و هندوانه وجود دارند. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش مقايسه تأثير مصرف حاد و مزمن آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بر پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي‌هوازي مردان جوان مي‌باشد. روش­شناسي پژوهش: در اين پژوهش 40 آزمودني مرد 19 تا 29 سال به‌صورت تصادفي ساده انتخاب و سپس در 4 گروه (10n=)، مكمل آب چغندر قرمز، مكمل آب هندوانه، دارونما و كنترل گروه‌بندي شده و به فاصله 2 هفته به اجراي پروتكل پرداختند. پس از تكميل پرسشنامه­­ها و اندازه­گيري ويژگي‌هاي آنتروپومتريكي شامل قد، وزن و آناليز تركيب بدني، زمان‌بندي مراجعه آزمودني‌ها به آزمايشگاه براي شركت در مراحل مختلف مطالعه در اختيار آن‌ها قرار گرفت. كل مطالعه براي هر فرد شامل 4 جلسه بود. يك ­آزمون VO2max در جلسه اول پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه دوم پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي. يك­آزمون VO2max در جلسه سوم و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه چهارم بعد از يك هفته مكمل دهي. در تمامي جلسات مراجعه، قند خون ناشتا و اولين نمونه خوني براي تعيين لاكتات پايه از آزمودني گرفته شد و به آزمودني صبحانه داده شد. در جلسه اول بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون ورزشي فزاينده به­منظور تعيين VO2max و آستانه تبادل گاز روي تريد ميل، سنجش لاكتات بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. به‌منظور بررسي پويايي لاكتات بلافاصله پس از اتمام ورزشي فزاينده و نيز در فواصل 5، 10، 30 و 60 دقيقه پس از اتمام فعاليت، اندازه‌گيري لاكتات انجام شد. در جلسه دوم   بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون وينگيت به‌منظور سنجش توان بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. بين اجراي آزمون ورزشي فزاينده (VO2max) و آزمون وينگيت فاصله زماني 48 ساعته وجود داشت. پس از اجراي اين مرحله، آزمودني­ها تحت يك دوره 7 روزه مكمل­دهي قرار گرفتند و پس از اين دوره مجدا مراحل اجراي آزمون­ها­ مشابه آنچه كه در بالا ذكر شد انجام پذيرفت.   قابل ذكر است كه به گروه دارونما، دارونما داده شد و گروه كنترل در كل طول پروتكل هيچگونه مكملي دريافت نكرد. تمامي داده‏هاي مطالعه در هر 4 گروه با استفاده از نرم‏‏افزار    24 آناليز شدند و با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در صورت نرمال بودن، داده­ها با استفاده از تحليل واريانس مكرر با عامل بين گروهي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند و در صورت معني‌داري از آزمون LSD جهت يافتن محل تفاوت‌ها استفاده شد و سطح معني‌داري آزمون­ها 05/0P< در نظر گرفته شد. يافته­ها: يافته­ها حاكي از بهبود شاخص­هاي پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي­هوازي در مردان جوان در دو حالت مكمل­دهي حاد و مزمن در دو گروه آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بود (05/0P<). در مقايسه بين اين دو مكمل تفاوت معناداري بين داده­هاي گروه مكمل آب هندوانه و آب چغندر قرمز مشاهده شد (05/0P<).

   چكيده هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر يك­ دوره تمرين ميني­ترامپولين بر نيمرخ چربي و شاخص­هاي پيكرسنجي در دختران داراي اضافه­وزن 12 تا 15 ساله بود. آزمودني­هاي اين پژوهش 24 نفر از دختران داراي اضافه وزن شهرستان كرمانشاه (ميانگين وزني 9/3±4/64كيلوگرم با نمايه توده بدني   5/1±5/ 24كيلوگرم بر مترمربع) بودند كه به طور داوطلبانه در اين پژوهش شركت كردند. آزمودني­ها به طور تصادفي در دوگروه شامل گروه تمريني ميني­ترامپولين و گروه كنترل   قرار گرفتند. آزمودني­هاي گروه تمريني، پروتكل­هاي تمريني را 8 هفته، هر هفته سه بار اجرا كردند. يك روز قبل و دو روز بعد از دوره تمرين نيمرخ چربي (HDL,LDL,TG,TC) و دو روز پيش و يك روز پس آخرين جلسه از دوره تمريني، شاخص­هاي پيكرسنجي شامل وزن بدن، نمايه توده بدني، درصد چربي و توده چربي بدن اندازه­گيري شدند. كاهش معناداري را در سطوح LDL، TG، TC، BMI، وزن، درصد چربي، توده چربي بدن و افزايش معني­داري را در HDL نشان دادند. نتايج اين مطالعه نشان مي­دهد كه تمرين ميني­ترامپولين در كاهش وزن، نيمرخ چربي و تركيب بدني دختران نوجوان اثر مثبت دارد. كليدواژه: ترامپولين، شاخص توده بدني، چربي بدن، HDL، LDL

زير بيشين? وامانده­ساز بود.   

single dose of 1 gram of this supplement does not have this benefit.  

   چكيده پيش زميـنه:   با توجه به پيشرفت و توسعه ورزش حرفه‌اي در سال‌هاي اخير، ورزشكاران براي بهبود و حفظ آمادگي خود در بازه‌هاي زماني طولاني‌مدت به استفاده از روش‌هاي جديد و مؤثر از جمله دوپينگ عصبي روي ‌آوردند. (tDCS) كه يكي از رايج­ترين تكنيك‌هاي تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز است اخيراً در حوز? علوم ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با اين وجود   مطالعات اندكي در زمينه تأثير تحريك tDCS بر بهبود عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و ادراكي در فعاليت‌هاي بي‌هوازي صورت گرفتهاست.   بنابراين، هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي آثار tDCS بر عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و پاسخ­هاي ادراكي در حين و پس از فعاليت بيشينه بي‌هوازي بود. روش تحقيـق:   پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، با موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 15 آزمودني مرد تمرين كرد? به­عنوان آزمودني در اين تحقيق شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در 4 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور پيدا كرد. جلسه اول براي آشناسازي با فرآيند تحقيق و اندازه­گيري­هاي پيكرسنجي و در جلسات دوم تا چهارم آزمودني­ها به صورت تصادفي در معرض سه شرايط مختلف شامل 1) تحريك آنودال ناحيه M1؛ 2) تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC چپ؛ و 3) تحريك شَم قرار گرفتند. در هرجلسه، ابتدا تست استروپ و زمان عكس العمل انتخابي اجرا شد. سپس آزمودني‌ها به مدت 20 دقيقه تحريك مغري را دريافت نمودند. پس از اتمام تحريك، آزمودني‌ها تست وينگيت 30 ثانيه‌اي پايين تنه را انجام دادند. در حين اجراي تست وينگيت در هر وهله آمپلي­تود عضلات VL، VM و RF، ميزان درك فشار، حس لذت و ميزان انگيختگي اندازه­گيري شد. پس از اتمام پروتكل تست وينگيت، تست استروپ و زمان عكس­العمل مجددا اندازه­گيري شد.   ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي تحقيق جهت تجزيه و تحليل مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. از روش آنواي يك راهه با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري براي تحليل آماري داده­ها استفاده شد. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه مقادير اوج توان در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحيه DLPFC   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود (01/0 =p). همچنين نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه آمپلي­تود EMG عضله VM در شرايط تحريك M1 و DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شراط تحريك شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 02/0 =p؛ 036/0 =p). مقادير شاخص خستگي   نيز در شرايط تحريك آنودال DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك ناحيه M1   و شم بود (026/0 =p). ميانگين مقادير RPE نيز در شرايط تحريك M1   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك DLPFC   و شم بود (0001/0 =p). از سوي ديگر، تفاوت معني­داري در نتايج تست شناختي استروپ بين شرايط پيش آزمون و پس آزمون در گروه تحريك dlpfc مشاهده شد (046/0 =p)، اما زمان عكس العمل انتخابي در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري پايين­تر از حالت شم بود(به ترتيب؛ 017/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p).در نهايت، ميانگين مقادير حس لذت در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 03/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p)   و ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC و شم   به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت M1 بود (به ترتيب؛ 0001/0 =p؛ 0001/0 =p). نتيـجه­گيـري:

Type 2 diabetes with a high prevalence rate is one of the disorders that imposes adverse physical and mental effects on the patient and ultimately causes a significant reduction in the quality of life, premature death and imposes various costs on the patient and his family, as well as It becomes society. Therefore, it is very important to conduct studies that examine the various aspects of this disorder. Therefore, according to the goals Also, with the spread of the corona virus, which practically changed the lifestyle in many societies and imposed restrictions, including restrictions on attendance and activity in sports complexes, the need to pay attention to efficient training programs without the need for special sports equipment in patients People with type 2 diabetes appear more and more. Therefore, the results of the present research can be used in this field as well. On the other hand, recently a special species of camelina plant has been cultivated in Razi University and despite the favorable nutritional value of its oil, there have not been many studies on the effectiveness of this oil, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the results of the present research are also important in this field and can be used practically.considered for this research, its results can be used practically.  

   Introduction: During the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, various centers, including schools, were closed, social relations were severely limited, and leisure activities outside the home were canceled or greatly reduced, which led to boredom and boredom among children. Also, by affecting the daily behavior of people, the covid-19 disease has led to the spread of feelings of anxiety, depression and aggression among people in society, especially children. during this period, children, especially children with disorders, who have limitations in themselves, were in home quarantine   and they are far away from environments and centers, and their movement skills have weakened and staying at home has turned them into aggressive people. the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of selected Montessori games on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Research Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population included children aged 5 to 8 with spastic hemiplegia in Kermanshah. The subjects were randomly selected from the welfare center located in Kermanshah province, Iran. In the pre-test, 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group) participated in the research. It should be noted that 2 people from the control group and 1 person from the experimental group (due to relocation and the lack of means of communication with the researcher such as the Internet and smart phones) stopped from continuing the research, and finally 10 people from the control group and 11 people in the experimental group, the post-test was performed. In addition, to participate in this research, written consent was obtained from the parents of the children (Appendix No. 1) and the test sessions were conducted in compliance with health protocols. After selecting the samples and grouping them into two experimental and control groups through a pre-test, primary data was collected by the mentioned tests according to the order (1 Lincoln Ozertsky Motor Performance Test 2 Completing the Aggression Questionnaire 3 Completing the Quality of Life Questionnaire) And then doing eight weeks of exercises at home, which included three sessions of 45 minutes each week (5 minutes of warm-up, 35 minutes of exercises and games, and then 5 minutes of cooling down), which exercises were performed according to the table provided (3 4) It varied from simple to advanced over the weeks. These exercises have a physical aspect and aim to strengthen the motor skills of these children. It should be noted that at the beginning of the sessions, the necessary tools for Montessori games were delivered to the subjects and they were taught how to use them and how to perform the exercises. The communication between the researcher and the children was through a video call on the WhatsApp virtual network. The subjects appeared in front of the camera at the appointed time and performed the exercises in front of the researcher with full clarity for a certain period of time, and any errors and shortcomings in the exercises of the subjects could be seen by the researcher and feedback was given to the subject. The exercises should be done without errors and completely by the subjects. After completing the exercises, the samples were measured during a post-test in person at the relevant centers. Findings: The results showed that the intervention based on eight weeks of selected Montessori games has a significant effect on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus (P<0.05).

مقدمـه: كشتي پهلواني يكي از رشته­هاي ورزشي كهن در ايران است كه از ديرباز مورد توجه طيف گسترده­اي از ورزشكاران در بسياري از شهرهاي اين ديار بوده است. عليرغم اين علاقه، در سال­هاي گذشته يك نگاه حرفه­اي، چه در سطح مديريت و چه در سطح برنامه­هاي تمريني و پايش­هاي مستمر، در اين رشته ورزشي حالم نبوده­است. اخيراً، با بازنگري در قوانين، تغيير در سبك برگزاري و به­روز شدن بسياري از ابعاد اين رشته ورزشي، رويكرد جديدي در اين رشته ورزشي اتخاذ گرديده است كه لازمه آن انجام مطالعات گوناگون در خصوص ابعاد مختلف اين رشته ورزشي است. يكي از زمينه­هاي تحقيقاتي در اين رشته، بررسي وضعيت ورزشكاران اين رشته ورزشي از نظر ويژگي­هاي تركيب بدني، روانشناختي و تغذيه­اي است. لذا، در اين پژوهش كه با هماهنگي با فدراسيون ورزش­هاي زورخانه­اي و كشتي پهلواني ايران انجام پذيرفت، وضعيت نيم­رخ تركيب بدني و ليپيدي، كيفيت زندگي، خودپنداره و دانش تغذيه­اي كشتي­گيران پهلواني شهر كرمانشاه، به­عنوان يكي از ثطب­هاي فعال در اين رشته، مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.     

  Abstract Objective: Considering the importance of physical fitness in female adolescent students, which is assessed by physical fitness factors (sitting, horizontal, 540 m running and flexibility) and the importance of nutritional knowledge and attitude of female adolescents and the growing trend of low food intake. Value among adolescents and little research of external sources and lack of internal research in this field, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of low value foods on strength, endurance, flexibility, body mass index and academic performance of 13 to 15 female students in Kangavar. Materials and Methods: From 200 female students aged 13 to 15 years in Kangavar, the selected schools were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method; According to Morgan's table, the minimum number of subjects should be 181, which due to the decline during the research process, 200 people were selected and finally 200 subjects participated in the present study. The mean and standard deviation of the subjects was 14.27 66 0.66 years. In this study, height and weight were measured and body mass index was classified and calculated using body growth charts for children in this age group (NHANES-I). Mean and standard deviation of height, weight and body mass index were 6.41 ± 160.63 cm, 10.75 ± 55.57 kg and kg / m23.63 ± 21.48, respectively. To measure cardiorespiratory endurance from the 540 m test, to measure endurance and muscular strength of the shoulder muscles from the modified horizontal bar, to measure the endurance of the abdominal muscles from sitting and lying down, and to measure the FTF and خلفي (thigh) of the flexibility box. Plasticity was used. A questionnaire designed by the researcher was used to assess the frequency of consumption of low-value foods in the subjects. The Shah Mohammadi Questionnaire (2014) was used to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and nutritional behavior. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (k-s) test was used to check the normality of the data. In addition, Spearman correlation was used to examine the correlation of variables. For all statistical tests, a significance level of p <0.05 was considered. Also,    statistical software version 24 was used to perform statistical calculations. Results: There was an inverse relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and health-related physical fitness factors including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles and shoulder girdle, and of the كمر at كمر and خلفي خلفي (thigh). Was observed (P <0.05). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and body mass index in the subjects (P?0.05). There was a significant inverse relationship between consumption of low value foods and nutritional knowledge and behavior in the subjects (P?0.05). But there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and nutritional attitudes in the subjects (P <0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and the grade point average of the subjects (P <0.05). Conclusion: Considering that in the present study, with the increase in the consumption of low-value foods, the physical fitness of students has decreased and the amount of body mass index has increased; And nutritional knowledge and behavior declined. If we do not pay attention to the high consumption of low-value foods, we will probably see a high rate of non-communicable diseases in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to parents and policy makers in the field of nutrition and physical activity in the community and schools and the national policy of these policies. Keywords: students, physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, low value food

Abstract Objective: Considering the importance, prevalence and consequences of overweight and obesity and considering the lack of side effects for supplementation with spirulina and the limited number of human studies conducted in this field, this aimed to investigate the effect of 6 HIIT activity week with spirulina supplementation on serum CRP and CK levels and insulin resistance in overweight women. Methodology: 36 healthy overweight women voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into one of the exercise + supplement, exercise + placebo and control groups. Body composition and rest blood sample sizes were taken before the research protocol. After that, the training groups performed the HIIT training program for 6 weeks (three sessions per week of two exercises (eight times based on the distance traveled by 300 meters at the specific time of each person with twice the rest time and running time). A distance of 300 meters was added every two weeks. At the same time, they took a spirulina supplement or placebo, depending on the group in which the subjects were. The supplement + exercise group took two 500 mg capsules daily (before lunch and dinner). The placebo group took similar capsules containing sucrose. Anthropometric measurement and second blood sampling were performed 48 hours after the last training session. Blood samples were analyzed to measure hs-CRP and creatine kinase with standard laboratory kits. Repeated analysis of variance with intergroup factor was used to compare the data of the three groups and Banferoni post hoc test was used to determine the differences. Also, a significant level of P?0.05 was considered for all statistical analyzes. Results: The results of the present study showed that BMI changes were not significant in the three groups (P = 0.964), but body fat data (P = 0.001) and aerobic fitness (P = 0.021) were significant. . Regarding creatine kinase (P = 0.005), CRP (P = 0.001), and IR (P = 0.001), significant changes were observed before and after six weeks of training. The results showed that the reduction of CRP and CK in the supplement + exercise group was more than other groups, especially the control group (P <0.05). Changes in insulin resistance were also significant in the exercise + supplement (P = 0.001) and exercise + placebo (P = 0.004) groups compared to the control group. In general, the difference between both training groups and the control group was significant in all variables and the training + supplement and training + placebo groups did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the present results, 6 weeks of HIIT program with 90% of maximum oxygen consumption has been able to reduce plasma levels of CRP and creatine kinase and insulin resistance index in overweight women. In other words, high-intensity physical activity reduces CRP and creatine kinase levels and insulin resistance in overweight women by increasing metabolism and reducing fat. However, high-intensity interval training (HII) with spirulina supplementation did not significantly reduce these factors compared to HIIT training alone. Keywords: Spirulina supplement, HIIT, overweight, insulin resistance

The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF, NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine Abstract Background: Neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are the most important target of therapeutic interventions. However, the effect of exercise interventions and supplementation on MS has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF , NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine. Methods: In this randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 40 women (20-40 years old) with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 3-5 were divided into 4 groups including aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D: n=10), aerobic training (AT: n=10), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D: n=10) and control (C: n=10). The aerobic training program consisted of 20-40 minutes of 50-70% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1? were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Also, the 9-item Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF self-report questionnaire were used to assess the fatigue index and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Tukey post hoc test using    software version 26 at a significance level of P <0.05. Results: The results show that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1?, compared with the control group (P <0.05). However, significant improvements were observed in the mentioned variables in AT and Vit D groups compared to the control. The serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-1? were significantly lower and BDNF and NGF levels were significantly higher in AT+Vit D than AT and Vit D groups. The results of this study also showed a significant difference between AT and Vit D in mentioned variables (serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?, BDNF, and NGF). In addition, after eight weeks, fatigue was significantly reduced in the AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   while, increased in the control group. Quality of life in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups significantly increased compared to the control. The results also show that the quality of life in the AT+Vit D was higher than in the AT and Vit D groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the combination of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation might be one of the therapeutic methods that help improve neurological and inflammatory factors, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS during the COVID-19 quarantine. Keywords: Vitamin D, Exercise, Neurotrophic factors, Cytokines, Coronavirus, Multiple sclerosis   

   This study investigated the effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on the antioxidant capacity and muscle damage indicators responses to exhausting aerobic activity in non-athletic men. In this clinical trial, 24 young non-athlete men were randomly divided into two grou   vitamin D supplements ((n=12); daily intake of 2000 IU for 6 weeks) and placebo ((n=12); daily intake of placebo for 6 weeks). EAE was performed on the treadmill twice before and after six weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were taken at 4 stages before and after the first EAE protocol (pre-test 1, post-test 1) and before and after the second EAE protocol (pre-test 2, post-test 2). After six weeks of vitamin D supplementation, following the second EAE lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, GPX, and POD), and vitamin D levels increased significantly in both groups (within-group comparison of Per 2 and Post 2). In addition, there was a significant increase in the quality of life (P = 0.021) and time of exercise (P = 0.045) in the vitamin D supplementation group rather than placebo. It seems that short-term vitamin D supplementation plays an important role in improving the response of markers of antioxidant capacity, muscle damage, and liver enzymes to EAE and increasing quality of life and exercise performance.

Multiple sclerosis MS is a neurodegenerative disease that causes damage to the myelin and plaque in different parts of the neurons in the brain, leading to physical and cognitive impairments. Having proper physical activity and nutrition can help improve the condition of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis.  Results: The results showed an improvement in memory and quality of life in the supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups (p <0.05), although this improvement was more significant in the exercise + supplement group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis improves memory and quality of life in patients. Becomes. But taking supplements alone or exercising alone is less effective than exercising and supplementing at the same time.

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of selected fusion fitness exercises on reaction time and balance function (static, dynamic) in inactive middle-aged women. The present study is a quasi-experimental study. The research plan includes pre-test-post-test with control group and application of independent variable (8 weeks selected training program). Which is done in the field and is among the applied research. The statistical population of this study was middle-aged women of Golshahr sports complex in Tehran province who were randomly selected from the existing complexes in Karaj city and the research subjects were randomly selected from the volunteers of the center's condition unit. Data collection tool in this The research is the Scherer General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GSE-17) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (1972). TUG test was used for dynamic equilibrium and for static equilibrium the stork test subject was used and for measuring the reaction time from the reaction timer device (model 63035, Lafayette company) was used.

   Abstract Introduction:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of Heidelberg ball game on academic achievement and tacit learning of first grade female students in Songhor city. Children now have less opportunity to "play", especially ball games. To this end, the "Heidelberg Ball" was established with the intention of restoring the "spirit of street games". Children in this school learn the necessary training and games in many sports to use them to develop their verbal, intellectual, emotional, social and motor skills.This school provides the mobility that children should naturally achieve in the early stages of life. Research Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with two groups of control and experimental. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in the first grade of elementary school in Songor. In this study, from all girls in the first grade of elementary school in the city of Songhar, 30 people were selected as a control group and 30 people as a experimental group were selected as a simple random sample. Research measurement tool includes academic performance questionnaire (Taylor) including 40 questions in 4 components including (self-efficacy and emotional effects components with 8 items, planning component with 16 items, lack of outcome control component with 4 items and components Motivation (12 items) was based on a five-point Likert scale. The Social Interaction Questionnaire (Alice-Whitzman) was used to determine the effect of ball games on social interactions. This questionnaire had 27 questions of 3 and 4 options. Also, to determine the effect of Heidelberg's pillow games on emotional intelligence, the children's trait-form emotional intelligence questionnaire (Salowie and Meyer) was used. This questionnaire had 75 questions. Descriptive statistics were used to >Results: The findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference between ball games with academic achievement and tacit learning (emotional intelligence and social interactions). And play enhances children's learning (emotional intelligence and social interactions) and academic achievement. Educational games promote social interaction and improve social skills during the game, which can help to create interaction between people involved in the game and promote students' tacit learning. Emotional intelligence is one of the most important factors in determining a person's success in life and directly affects a person's mental health. key words: Games, Heidelberg pillows, academic achievement, tacit learning, elementary girls.

Objective: One of the most important current issues in the field of sports science, which is considered by athletes and coaches, is the quality of performance of sports skills and having the necessary preparation for consecutive participation in future competitions. Fatigue is one of the main problems in proper performance of sports activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of active recovery methods (immersion in cold water and foam roller) on performance and muscle injury indices in young footballers after football-like play.  

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) program and citrulline malate (CM) supplement on nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in elite wrestlers. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 28 elite males’ wrestlers (age, 21.9±2.4 y; height 174.5±3.8 cm) were randomly assigned to CM+training, placebo+training and training, while also all groups participating in 6 weeks of HIIT based on wrestling techniques. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and aerobic and anaerobic tests before and after 6 weeks of HIIT program. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 6 weeks. Results: Nitric Oxide level after six weeks of HIIT and CM supplementation showed significant increase comparing to placebo+training (P=0.001) and training (P=0.035) groups. There is no significant difference between other groups for NO (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between upper body anaerobic power (peak power, Mean power and fatigue index) of CM group and placebo group (P=0.22), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Among all body composition data after six week HIIT just FFM of CM+training group showed significant increase comparing placebo and training group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Daily CM supplementation during six weeks of HIIT training increases serum NO levels and upper body anaerobic power in elite male wrestlers comparing HIIT alone.   

    Background. Considering Chlorella Vulgaris role in improving immune function, purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of HIIT training and Chlorella vulgaris supplements on levels of oxidative stress markers in overweight men.Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects in this study (22.8 ± 1.2 yrs; 27.1 ± 9.66 BMI) were randomly assigned into three groups (10 N): supplement + exercise, placebo + training and training groups. Before and 48 hours after the end of 6 weeks of HIIT training, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for interleukin-6, insulin and glucose levels measurements. The participants' training program included 6 weeks of intensive HIIT progressive exercise. Subjects of the supplement group received chlorella vulgaris supplementation (300 mg) every four time daily for six weeks, and the placebo group consumed Sucrose tablets similar to chlorella   tab. Significance level (P <0.05) was used for all data analyzes.Results: The results showed that chlorella vulgaris supplementation with HIIT exercises significantly decreased MDA and NO compared to other groups (P <0.05). Also, PC levels when comparing the three groups showed a significant decrease in the supplement + exercise group compared to the training group but did not show significant differences with placebo + training group (P <0.05). Body composition results showed a decrease in body fat and an increase in aerobic fitness of subjects in the exercise + supplement group compared to other groups (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that six weeks of HIIT training with supplementation of chlorella vulgaris caused MDA, NO, PC levels in overweight men.  Keywords: Interval Training, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, malondialdehyde , protein Carbonyl, Nitrite oxide

  Abstract: Aim of study: human`s health is mostly related to the condition of physical fitness, and knowing the valid references for investigating about the levels of human`s physical fitness regarding the importance of physical fitness on keeping people`s health, assessment and measurement as well as awaring them of their physical conditions is one of the necessities of modern societies. This has been considering by the developed countries, but a comprehensive description about the condition of physical fitness has not been considered so far in our country, especially in Kermanshah; so, the aim of this study was to assess and investigate the male`s physical fitness of Kermanshah city aged 18-60 as well as providing and developing the norm. Method of research: The subjects were 200 males, aged of 18-60 in Kermanshah city that were selected based on the research standards. The variables of cardio-respiratory fitness, percentage of body fat, waist/hip ratio(WHR), flexibility, muscle strength of two hands, chest muscles endurance and abdominal muscles endurance were measured and registered based on the following, respectively: Rockport one mile walking test, measurement of waist and hip with tape measure, flexometer box, dynamometer, press- up and sit-up. I made use of   percentage points with a distance of 5% and mean, percentiles and changes in physical fitness factors based on the age groups were used to analyze the data and formulate the norms, too. Results: The findings of this study in population of Kermanshah males with the average age of 34/82±11/42 year old, height of 179/64±5/297 cm. and weight of 80/97±8/586 kg were as follow; the mean of BMI=26/12±4/016kg/m2, WHR: 0/927±0/25 , flexibility=29/43±5/03cm, muscle strength of the right hand=42/21±8/63 kg, muscle strength of the left hand: 36/02±7/75 kg, chest muscles endurance: 44/18±8/63 push-up, aerobic power=45/14±8/09 ml/kg.min, body fat percentage=23/28±3/42 percent, abdominal muscle endurance: 32/81±6/27 sit-up. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that because of the lack of any regular physical fitness program, the physical fitness factors were reduced with age increasing. The measured variables in ages 18-29 were descending in comparison with ages 40-49 and 50-60 in factors like aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands, endurance of chest and abdominal muscles. But there was not any differences between the variable of body fat percentage and WHR in categories of 18-29 and 30-39 regarding to the above-mentioned ages. Also, comparing the current norms and the data of other studies, Kermanshah males had better condition than the other cities and countries regarding the variables of aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands and chest muscle endurance, but they had rather similar conditio   in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, WHR and abdominal muscles endurance. Keywords: Physical fitness, cardio-respiratory fitness, VO2 max, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility

 Develop and update of physical fitness norm on women in Kermanshah city

The study of objective and subjective variables of overtraining in female soccer players during the soccer premier league

چكيده اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي و واكاوي تأثير ويژگي­هاي كالبدي حسِ مكان بر بازگشت مجدد مشتريان به استخرهاي ورزشي انجام شده است. در حال حاضر يكي از كاستي­هاي معماري استخرهاي ورزشي، عدم قابليت و توانايي براي ايجاد پيوندي عميق ميان فضا و مشتريان مي­باشد. مفهومي كه به عنوان حسِ تعلق به مكان از آن نام مي­برند. امروزه ابعاد محيطي حسِ مكان در استخرهاي ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته­است و سبب ايجاد پيوندي عميق بين مشتريان و فضاي ورزشي مي­شود. اين پژوهش به لحاظ استفاده و هدف كاربردي، از نظر ماهيت توصيفي اكتشافي و از نوع پژوهش­هاي كمي است. در جمع آوري داده رويكرد و فرآيند پيمايشي بر پژوهش حاكم بوده و ابزار اصلي گردآوري داده­ها پرسشنامه است. جامعه آماري شامل مشتريان استخرهاي ورزشي سرپوشيده شهرستان كرمانشاه است و از روش نمونه­گيري تصادفي ساده استفاده شده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول ُككران 370 نفر برآورد و از آزمون كشيدگي و چولگي جهت بررسي نرمال­بودن داده­ها و براي آزمون فرضيه­ها و مجموعه روابط علت و معلولي بين متغيرها و مؤلفه­ هاي مورد بررسي از تحليل عامل تأييدي و مدل سازي معادلات ساختاري با نرم­افزار   22   و Amos24   استفاده شده است. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي­دهد كه متغيرهاي رنگ، نور، اندازه مكان، هارموني و تناسب و صدا با بازگشت مجدد مشتريان به استخرهاي ورزشي به عنوان عناصر حسِ تعلق به مكان رابطه معناداري دارند.    واژه­هاي كليدي: حسِ مكان، مشتريان استخر، هارموني، رنگ، نور  

AbstractTheaim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of 8 weeksaerobic exercise and Artichoke on liver fat levels and serum levels of ALT andAST in obese or overweight women with non-alcoholic fatty liver. For thispurpose, 32 obese or overweight women were randomly assigned to four groups ofArtichoke, aerobic exercise, Aerobic exercise - Artichoke and control groups.aerobic exercise – Artichoke and aerobic exercise groups performedmoderate-intensity aerobic exercises for eight weeks (three sessions per week)(RPE 11-13). Subjects in the Artichoke group, aerobic exercise – Artichokereceived after meals 60¬Cc Artichoke distillate. Sample collection wasperformed 48 hours before the protocol was executed and 48 hours after the lasttraining session to measure serum levels of ALT and AST and the lipid profile.Ultrasound of the liver was performed 48 hours before the protocol wasperformed and 48 hours after the end of the program to evaluate liver fatlevels. The results of the data analysis showed that performing aerobicexercise three sessions per week caused a significant decrease in the level offat in the liver in this group, and also performing aerobic exercise withsupplementary artichoke also had a beneficial effect on the levels of liver fatin these individuals, But there was no significant difference betweeninterventional groups. However, the ALT and AST liver enzymes only had asignificant improvement in aerobic exercise group, and no lipid profile in anyof the artichoke, aerobic training, and aerobic exercises with artichoketreatment was significant.Key Words: Cholesterol, Obesity, Diet, Type 2 Diabetes, Triglycerides

  AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a concurrent resistance and cardio respiratory exercise training program of short duration on Salivary Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), Cortisol, quality of life (QOL), sleep quality, and fitness factors in women with breast cancer. 42 subjects were randomly assigned to either a training (n=21; age: 46.08±8.93 yrs) or control non-exercising group (n=21; age: 46.21±8.71 yrs). The training group followed an 8 weeks exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration, supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance and aerobic training. Salivary sampling was performed before and after the exercise protocol, and sleep quality and quality of life were assessed by the McGill's quality of life (MQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQL) questionnaire was measured. We found that the change in values of cortisol, sleep quality, quality of life, weight, body mass index, body fat, and Waistline was significant (P<0.05) an 8 weeks concurrent training can change them but the change in values of interleukin-12, and WHR was no significant (P>0.05). These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve quality of life, sleep quality,   fitness, maintain IL-12, and reduce cortisol in women with breast cancer.  

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a concurrent resistance and cardio respiratory exercise training program of short duration on Salivary Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), Cortisol, quality of life (QOL), sleep quality, and fitness factors in women with breast cancer. 42 subjects were randomly assigned to either a training (n=21; age: 46.08±8.93 yrs) or control non-exercising group (n=21; age: 46.21±8.71 yrs). The training group followed an 8 weeks exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration, supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance and aerobic training. Salivary sampling was performed before and after the exercise protocol, and sleep quality and quality of life were assessed by the McGill's quality of life (MQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQL) questionnaire was measured. We found that the change in values of cortisol, sleep quality, quality of life, weight, body mass index, body fat, and Waistline was significant (P<0.05) an 8 weeks concurrent training can change them but the change in values of interleukin-12, and WHR was no significant (P>0.05). These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve quality of life, sleep quality,   fitness, maintain IL-12, and reduce cortisol in women with breast cancer.

  The aim of this study is a comparison between the effects of two types of active recovery and cold water immersion on Hemolysis factors after one session practicing volleyball. This research has been done with a Quasi-experimental design and repeated measures of pre-test, post-test and follow up test. Ten women as volleyball player took part in this study (age 22.20± 3.39 years, weight 63.77 ± 8.11 kg, and High 165.10±7.09 cm). Practice protocol includes two sessions and every session took long 90 minutes practice with the interval of one week. Every session consisted of 30 minutes general and specialized warm up, 45 minutes practice of volleyball's techniques, and 15 minutes recovery. At the end of the first session, active and routine recoveries in volleyball field including jogging with tensional moves were applied. In addition, cold water immersion with 10 degrees centigrade shoulder-high was done at the end of the second session. Venous blood sampling with the aim of estimating the effect of practice in recoveries on hemolysis factors before practice, after practice, immediately after recovery, and 24 hours after recoveries, has been done from anti-cubital vein. Statistical analysis was run through Variance analysis with repeated measures and LSD test for comparing multiple pairwise for assessing averages difference with the level of confidence (p<./05). The results showed that after a volleyball training session with active and routine recovery, the measure of HGB, HCT, and RBC are decreased significantly after practice in compare to their levels before practice. Also, Bilirubin T, Bilirubin ind are increased significantly. However, 24 hours after practice in compare to immediately after practice, there was a significant decrease in Bilirubin T and a significant increase in MCV. Furthermore, comparison of hemolysis factors in recovery of cold water immersion indicated fewer modifications in compare to active recovery. What is important is the lack of meaningful difference in all factors. With respect to modifications made in factors, increasing Bilirubin, and controlling plasma volume, these findings can be a sing of hemolysis on a day after volleyball practice. Furthermore, based on statistical results, the types of recovery did not have any meaningful effect on hemolysis factors.

  Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Baker JS. The influence of a high intensity physical activity intervention on a selection of health related outcomes: an ecological approach. BMC public health. 2010;10(1):8.2.   Neyse F, Daneshmandi M, Sadeghi Sharme M, Ebadi A. The effect of earplugs on sleep quality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Critical Care Nursing. 2011;4(3):127-34.3.   Sezavar SH, Valizadeh M, Moradi M, Rahbar MH. Trend of changes in age and gender of patients admitted in Rasul-e-Akram hospital with first acute myocardial infarction from 1998 to 2007. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2010;10(1):29-37.4.   Egred M, Viswanathan G, Davis G. Myocardial infarction in young adults. Postgraduate medical journal. 2005;81(962):741-5.5.   Ghafari S, Hakim S. Sagheb Asl E.[Course of twenty years the prevalence of risk factors model of treatment complications and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in shahid madani’s heart unit in Tabriz (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Science & Health Service. 2008;3(30):89-95.6.   Majidi S, Sharifi M. Comparison of signs and symptoms associated with acute coronary syndrome in male and female patients. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;20(80):60-6.7.   Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwalds heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.8.   KIANI SR, Soudani M, Seyedian S, SHAFIEABADI AE. The effectiveness of stress inoculation group training on Somatization and Anxiety of the coronary heart disease patients. 2010.9.   Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, Mirmiran P, Hajipour R, Madjid M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Sozial-und Pr?ventivmedizin/Social and Preventive Medicine. 2002;47(6):408-26.

  Abstract Background and aims: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is caused by increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. On the other hand, irisin is a new myokine that exerts its positive effects via increasing energy expenditure. However, irisin response to resistance exercise and its related training variables has been less discussed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different rest interval between sets of resistance exercise on serum irisin and blood lactate levels in obese male children. Materials and methods: Twelve obese male children (13.41±1.08 years) participated in the study. On 3 separate sessions of a resistance exercise protocol; subjects were assigned in a random a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds, or 120 seconds between sets. The RE session consisted of 4 sets of chest press to failure using 60% of 1 repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise at each session. Statistical tests of paired t, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for data analysis.Results: A significant increase was observed in the serum irisin and blood lactate immediately after three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05); Also, there was significant difference in study variables in three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05). Based on Turkey’s follow-up test increased serum irisin concentration and lactate at rest intervals of 60 seconds were significantly higher than rest intervals of 120 and 240 seconds; also, the increase of serum irisin concentration and lactate rest intervals of 120 seconds was significantly higher than of 240 seconds. The results of this study showed that, there was positive and significant correlation between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds (P? 0.05); while there was no significant difference between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 240 seconds.Conclusion: These results suggest that the resistance exercise with low resting interval compared to resistance training with high resting interval can increase the levels of irisin in in obese male children. Also, due to the existence of significant positive correlation between serum irisin and blood lactate, high lactate accumulation may be one of the possible mechanisms increased release irisin the result of resistance exercises with low resting interval.Keywords: Obesity, Irisin, Lactate, Resistance Training, Different rest interval

Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. Studies on the effects of exercise on ghrelin and obestatin, especially in human, are few and limited. One the other hand, it has been shown that hypoxic conditions can also effect hormones levels. Thus, The aim of this study had been investigated the effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic conditions and normoxic on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in healthy girls.In this regard 12 active women with an average age of 27±3/53 years, performed strength training in hypoxic conditions and normoxic in different days. Resistance exercise was included 5 sets of 10 repetition at 70% of one repetition maximum bench press and squat with barbell. The rest Time between sets and activities was a minute. The condition of hypoxia (O2=14) was suffered before performoing of resistance exercise and continued up to the end of the activity. Blood samples were taken form the each of subject twice for each of session (before and immediately after exercise activity). The results showed that acute effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions does not influence plasma of ghrelin and ghrelin into obestatin. while it decrease significant plasma levels of obeststin in conditions of hypoxia (P=0.004). In general, we can conclude that resistance activity in hypoxic conditions has greater impact on obestatin hormone than normoxia conditions.                                                AbstractGhrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. Studies on the effects of exercise on ghrelin and obestatin, especially in human, are few and limited. One the other hand, it has been shown that hypoxic conditions can also effect hormones levels. Thus, The aim of this study had been investigated the effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic conditions and normoxic on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in healthy girls.In this regard 12 active women with an average age of 27±3/53 years, performed strength training in hypoxic conditions and normoxic in different days. Resistance exercise was included 5 sets of 10 repetition at 70% of one repetition maximum bench press and squat with barbell. The rest Time between sets and activities was a minute. The condition of hypoxia (O2=14) was suffered before performoing of resistance exercise and continued up to the end of the activity. Blood samples were taken form the each of subject twice for each of session (before and immediately after exercise activity). The results showed that acute effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions does not influence plasma of ghrelin and ghrelin into obestatin. while it decrease significant plasma levels of obeststin in conditions of hypoxia (P=0.004). In general, we can conclude that resistance activity in hypoxic conditions has greater impact on obestatin hormone than normoxia conditions.

  The aim of this study was to Comparing the effects of aerobic exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in male physical education students. For this purpose, 12 subjects with    of body mass index and the ages ranged from 19 to 25 years who until have not been above 2000m altitude from two months before the beginning of the study, volunteered to participate in the study. The exercised intervention included both aerobic exercises which had done in two conditions of hypoxic and normoxia   So that the distance between the two session for each subject was at least a week. Hypoxic and normoxic conditions was randomly arranged and 6 participants at first who experienced normoxic and 6 other first of all had experienced   normoxic / then Hypoxic conditions. Aerobic exercise included 45 minutes pedaling work over the gauge wheels with 65-70% heart.rate reserve and the intensity of hypoxic was equivalent to 14% oxygen. Blood samples to measure ghrelin and obestatin levels were taken in 4 times in fasting condition, immediately before and after exercise. The findings showed that one session of aerobic exercise in hypoxic condition the obestatin levels, significantly reduced (p=0.021), However in normoxic condition, Obestatin levels did not change. Ghrelin and the ratio of ghrelin to obestatin did not change significantly in any conditions.