Introduction and Purpose: Poor cervical control is a common musculoskeletal problem among students, arising from lifestyle changes, prolonged sitting, excessive mobile phone use, and reduced physical activity. This disorder can negatively affect balance, athletic performance, and movement quality. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) exercises and the Thrower’s Ten program on dynamic and static balance, landing mechanics, lower-limb movement variables, jumping performance, cervical proprioception, deep cervical muscle strength, and cervical range of motion in female students with poor cervical control. Methods: This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design. The statistical population consisted of 45 female students with poor cervical control who were randomly assigned to three groups: Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization exercises (n = 15), Thrower’s Ten exercises (n = 15), and a control group (n = 15). The training protocols were performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week. Research variables were assessed using the following tools: dynamic balance with the Y Balance Test, static balance with the Romberg Test, landing mechanics with the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), movement performance indices with single-leg hop, triple hop, crossover hop, and 6-second hop tests, cervical range of motion using an inclinometer, cervical proprioception using an inclinometer, and cervical control weakness using a Pressure Biofeedback Unit. Pre-tests were conducted 24 hours before the start of the training program, and post-tests were performed one day after the completion of the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests at a significance level of P < 0.05, utilizing    software version 26. Results: The findings of the present study showed significant improvements in dynamic and static balance, landing mechanics, cervical range of motion, cervical proprioception, and functional performance following both Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization and Thrower’s Ten training protocols. However, no significant differences were observed in the control group. In some variables, the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization protocol demonstrated superior effects. Conclusion: Based on the findings, both Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization and Thrower’s Ten exercises can improve balance, lower-limb movement quality, proprioception and strength of deep cervical muscles, and cervical range of motion in students with poor cervical control. These exercises can be considered effective approaches in preventive and rehabilitation programs. Keywords: Poor cervical control; Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization; Thrower’s Ten; Dynamic balance.

   Abstract Introduction: Sports performance is influenced by several physical, physiological, and psychological factors. In the field of sports, there has always been a search for performance-enhancing techniques. Most research has focused on the muscles, lungs, and heart. As a result, the importance of the brain in regulating sports performance has received less attention. Many studies have shown that the brain plays a key role in the development of fatigue and, consequently, influences sports performance. The mechanisms responsible for fatigue may be central or peripheral. The high demands placed on athletes by coaches to improve performance have increased interest in enhancing performance using new approaches. The use of techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocols has become a popular topic in sports science, based on observations that they may benefit sports performance. Therefore, the researchers in the present study sought to determine the acute effects of tDCS and PAP on functional, cognitive, and perceptual parameters in trained women.    Methods: In this study, 12 trained female athletes who met the inclusion criteria participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. In a preliminary session, after subjects were introduced to the research procedures and their anthropometric characteristics were measured, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell squat was assessed. One week later, subjects were randomly exposed to five different conditions across five separate sessions, with one week between sessions: 1) M1 anodal tDCS, 2) Sham stimulation, 3) PAP protocol, 4) PAP + tDCS, and 5) tDCS + PAP. In each session, resting blood pressure and heart rate were first measured, followed by the Stroop test and a choice reaction time test. Immediately after completing each experimental condition, the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pleasure, arousal, pain, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded. The choice reaction time and Stroop tests were then repeated. Subsequently, subjects performed the lower-body Wingate anaerobic test, and the results were recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with    27 software. Results: The data showed no significant differences in the changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, peak power, mean power, reaction time, pain, arousal, or RPE following the interventions (P > 0.05). For the RPE variable, the overall difference between conditions was significant; however, post-hoc tests with appropriate correction did not reveal significant pairwise differences between specific conditions (P > 0.05). For inhibitory control, the results indicated significant improvements in the tDCS and PAP+tDCS conditions (P ? 0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study suggest that acute tDCS improves the functional parameter of the fatigue index and the cognitive parameter of inhibitory control in trained women. Similarly, the combination of PAP + tDCS also improves inhibitory control. However, the PAP intervention alone did not have a significant effect on any of the variables measured. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.    Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation, post-activation potentiation, Wingate, Stroop, fatigue

The recent unprecedented wave of sport-based activism has brought renewed attention to sport as a force for social progress and change. Scholars have examined the factors that drive and facilitate protest through sport, analyzed media coverage and ambivalent responses to such activities, and begun to document its institutional and social impacts. Contrary to some pessimistic sociological critiques, recent research suggests that sport can contribute to the advancement of justice and change, but it can also have unintended consequences for sport, athletes, fans, and other stakeholders. The present study aims to review published literature in the field of sport and social activism. It adopts a descriptive research approach through bibliometric analysis to describe the scale, patterns, and productivity of global publications on sport activism. Bibliometric analysis is a research approach that examines global research trends in a specific area through the output of scholarly publications in databases. Researchers use bibliometric analysis to identify emerging trends, evaluate journal performance, analyze collaboration patterns, and examine the composition of research in a particular field in the existing literature. A significant number of documents can be systematically and quantitatively analyzed in a bibliometric study. This type of analysis can highlight research hotspots and identify research trends by examining the distribution of literature over time, across sources, and across regions. Access to large amounts of scientometric data has become relatively easy with the advent of scholarly databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Software such as VOSviewer, BibExcel, Histcite, Citespace, and Gephi allow for the analysis of this data in a very pragmatic way. This article uses the R language. The R programming language offers an easy-to-use scientometric analysis package called Biblioshiny from Bibliometrix for Scopus.  

  This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of AI studies in sports sciences from the Scopus database, emphasizes the importance of using AI in sports sciences, provides data for future research, highlights the need for AI applications in all sports fields in line with global trends, and most importantly, provides a perspective on future AI research in sports sciences in our country. The research method is bibliometric analysis, which examines global research trends in a specific region through the outputs of scientific publications in databases. Researchers use bibliometric analysis to identify emerging trends, evaluate journal performance, analyze collaboration patterns, and examine the composition of research in a specific field in the existing literature. A significant number of documents can be systematically and quantitatively analyzed in a bibliometric study. This type of analysis can highlight research hotspots and identify research trends by examining the distribution of literature over time, across sources, and across regions. Access to large amounts of scientometric data has become relatively easy with the advent of scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Software such as VOSviewer, BibExcel, Histcite, Citespace, and Gephi allow for the analysis of this data in a very pragmatic way. In this study, the visualization software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix are used to map scientific knowledge, countries/regions, institutions, authors, co-occurring keywords, and co-citation references of published articles, and the Scopus collection database is examined for the status of research on AI and sports, hot spots, frontiers, and development trends of relevant articles.

در دنياي معاصر، كودكان به عنوان يكي از گروه‌هاي مهم و بنيادين جامعه، مستحق برخورداري از حمايت‌هاي گسترده در همه ابعاد زندگي خود هستند. سلامت جسمي، رواني و اجتماعي كودكان نه‌تنها حق بنيادين آنان، بلكه زيربناي توسعه پايدار جوامع محسوب مي‌شود. با گسترش مشاركت كودكان در فعاليت‌هاي ورزشي رسمي و غيررسمي، توجه به ابعاد حقوقي و حمايتي مرتبط با سلامت آن‌ها، بيش از پيش اهميت يافته است. ورزش اگرچه عامل رشد، نشاط، اعتمادبه‌نفس و شكوفايي توانمندي‌هاي كودكان است، اما در صورت نبود قوانين حمايتي و نظارت مؤثر، مي‌تواند زمينه‌ساز آسيب‌هاي جسمي، رواني و حتي نقض حقوق اساسي آنان گردد.يكي از مهم‌ترين اين حقوق، «حق بر سلامت» است كه در اسناد متعدد بين‌المللي از جمله كنوانسيون حقوق كودك به رسميت شناخته شده است. اين حق، تنها به برخورداري از خدمات درماني محدود نمي‌شود، بلكه شامل پيشگيري، مراقبت، ايمني و برخورداري از محيطي سالم و حمايتي نيز مي‌گردد. در اين ميان، كودكان ورزشكار به دليل فعاليت در محيط‌هايي كه گاه با فشارهاي جسماني، رواني و رقابت‌هاي سنگين همراه است، نيازمند حمايت‌هاي حقوقي مضاعف‌اند.در نظام حقوقي ايران، هرچند قوانين كلي در حمايت از كودكان و سلامت عمومي وجود دارد، اما به‌طور خاص، حق بر سلامت كودكان در بستر ورزش كمتر مورد توجه قانون‌گذار قرار گرفته و خلأهايي در حوزه تقنين، اجرا و نظارت احساس مي‌شود. اين در حالي است كه در نظام حقوق بين‌الملل، رويكردهاي جامع‌تري براي حمايت از سلامت كودكان ورزشكار توسعه يافته است كه مي‌تواند الگويي براي بهبود وضعيت حقوقي در ايران باشد. لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تطبيقي «حق بر سلامت كودكان ورزشكار» در حقوق ايران و حقوق بين‌الملل انجام مي‌شود تا با تبيين مباني نظري، تحليل اسناد قانوني و شناسايي چالش‌ها و كاستي‌ها، راهكارهايي براي ارتقاء سطح حمايت از كودكان ورزشكار ارائه نمايد. اين پژوهش ضمن پر كردن خلأ مطالعاتي موجود در اين حوزه، مي‌تواند بستري براي آگاهي‌بخشي به مسئولان، مربيان، خانواده‌ها و نهادهاي قانون‌گذار فراهم آورد و نقش مؤثري در بهبود سياست‌گذاري‌هاي سلامت محور براي كودكان ايفا كند.   

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the physical fitness indicators related to the mental health of elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah. Methodology: This study was fundamental and employed a descriptive-correlational design with a field-based approach. The statistical population comprised elite veteran athletes in individual sports residing in Kermanshah, from whom 54 individuals were purposefully and conveniently selected. Inclusion criteria included general health, a history of national team membership or five years of competition at the highest level, and an age range of 40 to 60 years. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaires, dietary recall, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Additionally, standard devices and tests assessed body composition parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and statistical analyses were conducted at a significance level of 0.05 using    26 software. Results: The results indicated that among elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah, men had significantly higher cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.01), upper-body endurance (p=0.003), lower-body endurance (p=0.021), upper-body muscular strength (p<0.001), and lower-body muscular strength (p=0.0001) compared to women. However, no significant difference was observed between genders in flexibility (p=0.61). Body composition also differed, with men having a higher body mass index (p=0.008), muscle weight (p<0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.003), whereas women had a higher percentage of body fat (p<0.001) and fat weight (p=0.048). Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of quality of life (p=0.82), mental health (p=0.17), and life satisfaction (p=0.19). Conclusion: The findings revealed significant differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance and strength, and body composition between men and women, while no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Men exhibited higher cardiorespiratory fitness, which can be attributed to morphological differences, body composition, and hemoglobin levels. Additionally, men had greater muscular endurance and strength, likely due to higher muscle mass and force production capacity. Body composition differences were also evident, with women having a higher body fat percentage and men having greater muscle mass. However, flexibility showed no significant difference between the two groups. These findings align with previous research and highlight the importance of considering physiological and morphological differences between genders when analyzing physical fitness characteristics.   

   This study aimed to bibliometrically analyze studies in the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science. This study used bibliometric techniques. The statistical population of this study consists of studies related to the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The sample includes studies conducted between 1985 and 2023. The selection criteria include document type (articles only), language (limited to English), and in the field of Muslim women's sports. The analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix-R software. Bibliometrix is ??a tool for visualizing information in bibliometric analysis based on scientific production and publications in countries and regions, journals, authors, articles, keywords, and research institutions. The findings of this study showed that the most popular topics in women's sports included: gender, sports, Islam, and Muslim women. Finally, the co-occurrence analysis of the words showed that the red cluster showed items related to sports, including: gender, Islam, and physical activity; the blue cluster focused on Muslim women and was related to intersectionality, integration, migration, and international feminism; the green cluster included four items related to the connection of girls, Muslims, physical education, and religiosity. Therefore, we conclude that in order to improve the situation of Muslim women's sports, we should focus on the findings of the present study and take action to develop women's sports through interaction with authors and journals that are more established in this field.

   Objective: This study examines the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of cortical genes Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 in C57BL/6 mice with cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: In this study, 20 female mice (23±3 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): control, exercise, female, and exercise + female. Animals were kept as pets under suitable conditions. To model the disease with caprizone, food containing 0.2% of caprizone is given to two groups of exercise + MS and MS and two groups of exercise + MS and control + exercise for six weeks and five sessions per week. Was given, and each session was 15-60 minutes and 20-20 meters per minute of aerobic exercise. The aerobic exercise program and colonization induction were performed simultaneously. A biopsy was performed 48 hours after the last day of training. The cerebral cortex was extracted, and half of the cerebral cortex was homogenized. The tissue was analyzed for the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF1 genes by real-time PCR and the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 proteins by western blot, and the other half of the analysis. Cortical analysis was performed for crystal violet. Coloring is used. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered (p ? 0.05). Results: Data analysis showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increases the expression of genes and proteins.

  ackground: and Objective: Neck pain is one of the most disabling factors in the world, causing severe disability in performing daily and occupational tasks. One of the ways to reduce neck pain is to use massage therapy, which has been used in recent years. Some people with chronic neck pain also use kinesiotape. However, it is not clear to what extent this type of exercise is beneficial for neck pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of massage + kinesiotape and massage on forward head tilt, VAS, neck muscle strength, neck range of motion, and neck proprioception in women with chronic no  ecific neck pain. Methods: In this study, 33 women with chronic neck pain (28 remained until the end of the study) were randomly divided into two groups: massage exercises + kinesiotape and massage exercises. The exercise program was performed for 4 weeks (12 sessions) for both groups and kinesiotape for the massage + kinesiotape group; a pre-test was taken 24 hours before the start of the exercise protocol and a post-test was taken one day after the end of the exercise protocol. The statistical method of the paired t-test was used to examine intra-group changes, and the independent t-test was used for comparison between groups. All calculations were performed with    version 26 software, and a significance level of P > 0.05 was considered. Findings: Based on the findings of the present study, head forward, VAS, neck muscle strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), neck range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), quality of life, NDI, depression scale, anxiety, stress, fear of movement, pain self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing increased after the exercise protocol in both groups. Also, there was a significant difference in NDI, stress, fear of movement, pain self-efficacy, VAS, neck muscle strength (flexion, left lateral and right lateral), and neck range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) between the two groups, and massage + kinesiotape had a better effect. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that 4 weeks of massage practice improves chronic neck pain, and massage practice + kinesiotape has a better effect on neck healing.

نقض حقوق كودكان در ورزش مبحث بسيار مهمي است كه در سال‌هاي اخير موردتوجه قرار گرفته است. اين حقوق به‌طور مكرر در محيط‌هاي ورزشي نقض مي‌شوند و پيامدهاي منفي بسياري را براي كودكان ورزشكار به وجود مي‌آورند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي موضوع نقض حقوق كودك-ورزشكاران در پرتو كنوانسيون حقوق كودك انجام گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق را مربيان ورزشي شاغل در هيئت­ها و باشگاه­هاي ورزشي تشكيل مي­داد. روش نمونه گيري به­صورت در دسترس بود و از پرسشنامه محقق­ساخته براي جمع­آوري داده­هاي پژوهش استفاده شد. روايي و پايايي پرسشنامه توسط 9 تن از صاحب­نظران در حوزه حقوق ورزشي و 5 نفر از مربيان به تاييد رسيد. به­منظور تجزيه و تحليل داده­هاي پژوهش از نرم­افزار ليزرل استفاده شد. نتايج نشان داد كه همه عوامل (حق بر سلامت، حق بر آموزش، حق بر تفريح ، حق بر عدم بهره‌كشي) در مدل تحليل عاملي داراي برازش مناسب و كافي بودند كه بيانگر نقش پيش­بيني كنند? اين عوامل درخصوص نقض حقوق كودك – ورزشكاران در در پرتو كنوانسيون حقوق كودك بود.   

  The purpose of this research is to identify the strategic management factors of financial sponsors in sports and provide a model. The research is a mixed type of research and the statistical population in the qualitative part includes sports management experts, managers and experts of sports teams in Kermanshah province who are in the senior category and in the top sports leagues of the country, as well as senior managers, managing directors, finance managers or were sales managers of large industrial units in Kermanshah province, who reached theoretical saturation by conducting 10 researcher interviews through semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling. Morgan's table, 300 people were selected as a statistical sample, and the sampling was done randomly. Through the information received from the interviews and coding through the Maxqda software, a questionnaire was designed, its validity was confirmed and its factor analysis was also confirmed through the    software. The final model was designed through amoss software. The results showed that the sponsor's image plays the biggest role in the strategic management of sponsors in sports, and beliefs do not play a role in the strategic management of sponsors, and the factors of participation, attachment, honesty, performance, image, attitude, and knowledge predict 91% of strategic management. They have supporters in sports. Therefore, in the strategic management of financial sponsors in sports, special attention should be paid to the development of sports infrastructure and creating attractiveness for the target community.

Abstract: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the factors that reduce the complaints of coaches' negligence in sports events. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical according to the method of data collection, which was carried out by field method. The statistical population based on Morgan's table included 250 sports coaches from Kermanshah city, and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, which consisted of two parts: the first part included demographic questions (age, gender, education) and coaching experience) and the second part included a 24-item questionnaire of effective factors (individual, organizational, facilities and socio-cultural) and a 12-item questionnaire to reduce complaints related to coaches' negligence. Descriptive statistics (prevalence, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (regression and confirmatory factor analysis) were used for data analysis, which was done using LISREL and    software. The findings obtained from the factor analysis model showed that individual, organizational, facilities and socio-cultural factors influence the reduction of complaints from coaches. According to the obtained results and the ranking of the mentioned factors, policy makers in the field of sports can focus their main actions in order to reduce the complaints of coaches' malpractice in sports events, respectively, on the factors of facilities, individual factors and organizational factors. do    Keywords: complaint, malpractice, sports events

برگزاري باكيفيت رويدادهاي ورزشي چالشي براي فدراسيون‌ها، شهرها و سازمان­هايي است كه در تلاش­اند كيفيت برگزاري را ارتقا دهند و رضايت شركت‌كنندگان و ذينفعان را جلب كنند. هدف از اين پژوهش «تبيين مدل عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي موثر بر كيفيت رويدادهاي ورزشي (مطالعه موردي: المپياد ورزشي دانشجويان)» است. اين تحقيق كاربردي و از نوع توصيفي– همبستگي است   كه به شكل ميداني و با استفاده از پرسشنامه انجام پذيرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق را كارشناسان خبره (اساتيد مديريت ورزشي، روُساي تربيت‌بدني دانشگاه‌ها، كارشناسان تربيت بدني، مربيان و ورزشكاران، با تجربه حضور در المپياد ورزشي دانشجويان) تشكيل دادند كه با توجه به نامعلوم بودن حجم جامعه آماري تعداد نمونه‌ها تا حد كفايت به روش تصادفي ساده 225 نفر انتخاب شد. ابزار گردآوري اطلاعات در اين تحقيق پرسشنامه استاندارد است كه از دو بخش تشكيل شده است. بخش اول مربوط به سئوالات جمعيت شناختي و بخش دوم شامل   پرسشنامه­هاي عوامل اجتماعي– اقتصادي (فرهادياني،1396) و پرسشنامه استاندارد كيفيت رويداد ورزشي (شانك،2006) با چهار مولفه است كه به صورت طيف 5 ارزشي ليكرت نمره‌گذاري شده‌اند. تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها‌ با استفاده از نرم‌افزار   24 و LISREL8   انجام گرفت از‌ آمار توصيفي و استنباطي (همبستگي پيرسون و مدل معادلات ساختاري) استفاده شد. نتايج يافته‌ها نشان داد ضريب مسير بين عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي و موُلفه‌هاي كيفيت مكان، كيفيت برگزاري، كيفيت گردشگري ورزشي و كيفيت خدمات رويداد ورزشي به ترتيب   برابر با 83/0، 86/0، 84/0 و 89/0 است. همچنين   ضريب معناداري براي اين موُلفه‌ها به ترتيب   معادل 89/9، 26/5، 47/5 و 77/5 بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي توان پيش‌بيني كيفيت رويداد ورزشي را دارند. لذا پيشنهاد ‌مي‌شود مديران برگزاري المپيادهاي ورزشي دانشجويي از مدل ارائه شده در اين تحقيق جهت ارتقاء كيفيت رويداد ورزشي دانشجويي استفاده كنند.     

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The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-corona era and to provide solutions to the sports managers of the Sports and Youth Department of Kermanshah province. A mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) will be used to collect data. This research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of data collection, it will be an interview study.The statistical population includes experts in the field of sports (university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, coaches, sports experts, club managers and employees of sports and youth departments) in the field of challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. It is the post-corona era. The sampling method will be snowball type. In this research, the researcher will interview 15 knowledgeable people in the field of sports in Kermanshah province. The research was conducted in the period of 1400-1401. The interviewees will be asked to express their opinions about the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-coronavirus era in Kermanshah province and according to the knowledge, experience and expertise they have in this field, with correct and logical identification. The challenges and opportunities that have arisen during the corona era, it is possible to provide solutions to avoid challenges and use the opportunities to help club owners in the post-corona era. And according to the obtained results, it is possible to provide solutions to the managers and heads of sports boards of Kermanshah province for better management of this field in the post-Corona era. Therefore, sports managers are advised to use the results of this research in order to reduce the challenges and use the opportunities created due to the corona disease in the field of sports in the province.   

  This research was conducted with the aim of the effect of the characteristics of using social networks on brand equity with the mediating role of brand trust (case study: consumers of sports supplements).

  The current research was conducted with the aim of prioritizing the associative consequences of old sports brands. The method of this research is descriptive and of the type of correlational studies. The statistical population of the research is all the buyers of Iranian sports brands. Since the number of the community cannot be counted and it takes a high amount. Therefore, the sample size is based on an unlimited population. Since the number of the population is not known, Cohen's formula was used to estimate the sample size. To be sure, 400 questionnaires were distributed and out of this number, 391 questionnaires were returned correctly and were used in the analysis. These questionnaires were distributed virtually due to the spread of the corona virus. The research questionnaires are taken from the research of Richard and White (2020). This questionnaire contains 15 questions, which are categorized in the form of 5 components and measures the consequences of association of old brands in the range of 5 Likert options. Form and content validity was confirmed using the opinion of 8 sports management professors. The validity of the structure was confirmed by using the confirmatory factor analysis test and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.    and LISREL software were used to present the model. According to the findings, brand association is effective at the rate of 0.90 on experience and expertise, at the rate of 0.95 at the rate of 0.96 on reminiscence, at the rate of 0.96 on timele  ess and at the rate of 0.85 on tradition. Also, the significant coefficient shows that the indicators are more than 1.96 and it can be concluded that brand association has a positive and significant effect on the mentioned factors. Also, based on the findings, reminiscence, timele  ess, maintenance, experience, expertise, and tradition are among the most important consequences of brand association. Therefore, in order to associate the brand, the desired indicators should be emphasized by the marketers.

   پژوهش حاضر با هدف تأثير تصوير برند رويدادهاي ورزشي بر توصيه شركت كنندگان آن انجام شد. روش اين پژوهش، توصيفي و از نوع مطالعات همبستگي مي‌باشد. جامعه آماري پژوهش را كليه‌ي جامعه آماري اين پژوهش تمامي مخاطبان(تماشاگران) رويدادهاي ورزشي هستند. از آن جا كه تعداد جامعه قابل شمارش نيست و مقدار بالايي را به خود اختصاص مي‌دهد. لذا حجم نمونه بر اساس جامعه نامحدود مد نظر است. از آنجا كه تعداد جامعه مشخص نمي‌باشد از فرمول كوهن براي برآورد حجم نمونه اسفاده شد. تعداد 385 پرسشنامه به طور صحيح بازگشت خورد و در تجزيه و تحليل‌ها از آن‌ها استفاده شد. اين پرسشنامه‌ها به دليل شيوع ويروس كرونا به صورت مجازي توزيع شد. پرسشنامه‌هاي تحقيق بر گرفته از پژوهش كولاس و همكاران (2020) مي‌باشد. اين پرسشنامه شامل 15 سؤال است كه در قالب 5 مؤلفه دسته بندي شده است و در طيف 5 گزينه ليكرت متغيرهاي تحقيق را مورد سنجش قرار مي‌دهد. روايي صوري و محتوايي با استفاده از نظر 8 نفر از اساتيد مديريت ورزشي تأييد شد. روايي سازه با استفاده از آزمون تحليل عاملي تاييدي مورد تأييد قرار گرفت و پايايي متغيرها توسط آزمون آلفاي كرونباخ مورد تأييد قرار گرفت. در اين تحقيق جهت تجزيه وتحليل داده‌ها از دو روش آمار توصيفي وآمار استنباطي استفاده شد. از نرم افزارهاي    و LISREL جهت ارائه مدل استفاده شد. بر اساس يافته‌ها مؤلفه‌هاي تصوير برند (تجانس، تعهد و اعتماد)، بر توصيه شركت كنندگان است. همچنين ضريب معناداري نشان مي‌دهد كه شاخص‌ها بيشتر از مقدار 96/1 است و مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت كه مؤلفه‌هاي تصوير برند تأثير مثبت و معناداري بر توصيه كنندگان دارد. لذا بايد اقداماتي نظير تصويرسازي مثبت برند در ذهن طرفداران و مشتريان ايجاد كرد كه از اين طريق برند را تبليغ نمايند و موجب رشد برند شوند.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of brand personality and interpersonal relationships on addiction to sports brands. The method of this research is descriptive and of the type of correlation studies. The statistical population of this research is all the buyers of Iranian sports brands. The sampling method is accessible, which was selected from the customers of sports brands in the virtual space. Since the number of the population cannot be counted and it takes a high amount, therefore, the sample size is considered unlimited based on the population. Since the number of the population is not known, Cohen's formula was used to estimate the sample size(385 people). to measure brand personality; From the questionnaire of Karol and Ahoya (2006) including 8 questions and one component; measuring brand addiction; Through Marad and Kiwai (2017) questionnaire including 7 items and interpersonal relationshi   Royan and Weiss (2015) questionnaire including three questions was used. The face and content validity was confirmed using the opinion of 8 professors. The validity of the construct was confirmed using the confirmatory factor analysis test, and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, in the descriptive statistics section (mean, standard deviation, tables, etc.) and in the inferential statistics section, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to detect the normal distribution of the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between research variables, regression analysis test was used to predict variables and construct validity Also,    and LISREL software were used to present the model. Based on the findings of the above table, all paths are positive and meaningful. Also, the significant coefficient shows that the indicators are more than 1.96 and it can be concluded that each variable of brand personality and interpersonal relationships have a positive and significant effect on addiction to sports brands. The results of the model fit show that all the indicators are in the optimal level. This means that the desired model has a significant degree of reliability. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that in order to improve the brand and maintain customers, a brand with a personality should be created and through communicating with customers, make them loyal to the brand

   Today, sports and physical activity are considered as the main key to people's health and the development of society. But sometimes the emergence of some challenges and obstacles may have a negative effect on it, based on this, the present research was conducted with the aim of using the opinion of experts in identifying the challenges and obstacles of sports in Kermanshah. The current applied research was a qualitative study with a descriptive-survey implementation. In terms of data collection, it was a field using semi-structured interviews. 15 experts entered the research in a snowball method (until reaching theoretical saturation) from among academic staffs of universities, prominent athletes and experts in the field of sports in Kermanshah. After coding the categories, a total of 113 concepts were identified, whose components in causal terms include: cultural (6 cases), social (3 cases), managerial and technical (5 cases), and economic (4 cases). , in contextual conditions including: cultural (9 cases), managerial and technical (3 cases), economic (3 cases) and legal (2 cases), in intervening conditions including: cultural (9 cases), managerial and technical (6 cases), economic (3 cases), and legal (2 cases), in strategies include: including: cultural (7 cases), educational (4 cases), managerial and technical (7 cases), economic (5 cases) case), media (4 cases), legal and legal (5 cases) and facility facilities (5 cases) and finally in the consequences including: cultural-social (8 cases), economic (3 cases) and healthy lifestyle (5 cases). Based on the current findings, there are certain challenges and obstacles in the sports of Kermanshah according to the opinion of experts, which should be resolved in order to develop sports in Kermanshah. Therefore, it is recommended that the policy makers of Kermanshah look at these challenges and strategies resulting from the current research as a guide and use them to increase the tendency towards sports and its growth and development. Keywords: Development, Cultural Challenge, Cultural Barriers, Culture, Sports.

  One of the topics in the sociology of sports is recognizing the reasons for withdrawing from sports activities, and since in Iran, most research has been done on barriers to participation in sports activities and research on withdrawal or withdrawal. Therefore, there is no need to provide a model of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities that are consistent with the ideas and views of Iranian society and meet many needs. There are sports managers in the planning. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to respond to this need in several stages. The best method for conducting this research in terms of design was a combination of research designs that were done in two parts: qualitative and quantitative and consecutively.In the first stage, the concepts and definitions of withdrawal from sports and the background of the research were examined. In the second stage, during a qualitative study, the factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities were identified to be used to design a questionnaire. In the third stage, according to the identified factors, during a quantitative study, the pattern of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts was drawn and the obtained factors were prioritized. The results of this study can provide a complete basis for the reasons for leaving martial arts

   This study investigated the effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on the antioxidant capacity and muscle damage indicators responses to exhausting aerobic activity in non-athletic men. In this clinical trial, 24 young non-athlete men were randomly divided into two grou   vitamin D supplements ((n=12); daily intake of 2000 IU for 6 weeks) and placebo ((n=12); daily intake of placebo for 6 weeks). EAE was performed on the treadmill twice before and after six weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were taken at 4 stages before and after the first EAE protocol (pre-test 1, post-test 1) and before and after the second EAE protocol (pre-test 2, post-test 2). After six weeks of vitamin D supplementation, following the second EAE lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, GPX, and POD), and vitamin D levels increased significantly in both groups (within-group comparison of Per 2 and Post 2). In addition, there was a significant increase in the quality of life (P = 0.021) and time of exercise (P = 0.045) in the vitamin D supplementation group rather than placebo. It seems that short-term vitamin D supplementation plays an important role in improving the response of markers of antioxidant capacity, muscle damage, and liver enzymes to EAE and increasing quality of life and exercise performance.

  Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of internal communication and emotional culture on organizational identity in the Department of Sports and Youth in the west of the country. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of the Department of Sports and Youth of the West (Kermanshah, Ilam, Sanandaj, Lorestan) (4900 people). Due to the impossibility of access to all members, through random-stratified sampling, the desired number has been selected as a sample. Morgan table (357 people) is used to determine the sample size. Out of this number, 335 questionnaires were returned correctly and were used in the analysis. These questionnaires were distributed virtually due to the prevalence of coronavirus. Research questionnaires are taken from the research of Yu et al. (2020). Thus, 6 questions are related to organizational identity, 4 questions are related to emotional culture and 8 questions are related to internal communication. Formal and content validity was confirmed using the opinions of 8 professors of sports management. The validity of the construct was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In the descriptive statistics section (mean, standard deviation, tables, etc.) and    and LISREL software were used to present the model. According to the findings of the above table, internal communication is 0.27 effective on organizational identity and emotional culture is 0.61 effective on organizational identity. Also, the coefficient of significance shows that the indicators are greater than the value of 1.96 and it can be concluded that both variables have a positive and significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, it is suggested that internal communication and emotional culture in the organization be improved. Keywords: Internal communication, emotional culture, organizational identity, sports and youth

  AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sport event innovation on consumer behavior using structural equation modeling. At first, dimensions and themes related to sport event innovation and consumer behavior were identified and then relationships between variables were identified. Two questionnaires were used for data collection. The first questionnaire is related to sport event innovation and consists of 7 dimensions and 36 questions. The second questionnaire is related to consumer behavior and includes 3 dimensions and 11 questions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate reliability and the reliability of both questionnaires was evaluated as desirable. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletic students of Razi University with 280 students and 280 questionnaires distributed among the respondents. Structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data and determine the relationships between variables. Data were analyzed using    and LISREL statistical software. According to the analysis of the research hypotheses, the results confirm all the research hypotheses.Keywords: Innovation, Behavioral Intentions, Brand Equity, Customer Satisfaction, Sporting Event

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of strategic decision-making and strategic control system on organizational performance among experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran. The study method was descriptive-survey and in terms of purpose was applicable. The statistical universe contained all experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran (400) of which 214 persons were selected according to Morgan’s table by using stratified random sampling. To collect information, three questionnaires such as Elbanna’s standard strategic decision-making (2008), strategic control system of Heybidin et al. (2016) and organizational performance of Ahmadi et al. (2013) were used.    22 and Lisrel 8/70 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a remarkable relation between strategic decision-making, strategic control system and organizational performance. Therefore, managers of sportive organizations should pay huge attention to the principles of strategic decision-making and strategic control system so from this way they can reinforce the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and achieve the organizational goals.  

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of strategic thinking and strategic agility on strategic performance measurement systems at the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran. The research method is descriptive-survey and in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population of the study was all experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth (400). Sampling was done by random sampling of 196 individuals. For collecting data, three standard questionnaires of strategic thinking, Manourian et al. (2012), Strategic Agility Hawaii and colleagues (2017), and strategic performance of Matthew Hall (2004) were used. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis was used to investigate the validity of the questionnaire and the structural equation modeling with Liserl software to present the research model. The results of the research showed that the model was well fitted and all the paths (hypotheses) were confirmed with high confidence. The results of the research also showed that sport organizations should use the resources of external resources to utilize the reactive ability in the environment in order to properly use resources, prevent passive state and compete in the environment. Their strategic performance. Key words Strategic Thinking, Strategic Agility, Strategic Performance, Ministry of Sports and Youth  

  The impact of relationship quality on behavioral responses customers in sports clubs Lorestan Province

The environment consists of everything that surrounds an organism, including natural elements as well as human beings. Like all other animal species that make up the global ecosystem, humans always interact with their environment and partly change that environment. However, humans are the only creatures that can have a significant impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the environmental responsibilities involved in sports organizations. For this purpose, all employees of Sport Development and Maintenance Company were considered as a statistical society. Since the organizations total number of employees was 150, according to the number of pockets, the number of samples was considered equal to the community. The target sample was taken through non-random sampling. Based on the studies, no questionnaire was found. Therefore, based on theoretical foundations, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed in the form of three factors of environmental credibility, environmental expectations and environmental requirements. After verifying the validity of the questionnaire by 7 sports management professors and confirming the reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbachs alpha (0.81). After data collection, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, mean, standard deviation ...) and inferential statistics (Smyrom Kolmogorov, confirmatory factor and exploratory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using Amos and   -19 software. After the factor analysis, 8 questions were removed due to a yield less than 0.4. The measurement model and research model were designed based on 18 standard questions. In the tests, the level of P <0.05 was considered significant. The results indicate that environmental responsibility has a significant effect on the two variables of environmental expectations and environmental validity but does not have a significant effect on environmental requirements.

The purpose of this study was to explain the model of effective factors on the development of environmental culture in sport. The present study was a   descriptive-survey research.The statistical population is consisted of the students of Razi University of Kermanshah. Based on the sample size of Krejci and Morgan samples, 384 students of Razi University have responded to the revised questionnaire of Boehmehrani and Razavi (1393) with a five-point scale Likert scale, which have formal and content validity. It was surveyed by the opinion of professors and experts related to the subject of research, and its reliability was reported using Cronbachs alpha of 0.78.To analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis method was used to identify the factors influencing the development of environmental culture in sport using    and Lisrel software.The results of the research indicated six factors including factors of education, research, management, structure, culture development and national strategies as factors influencing the development of environmental culture in sport and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed fit of the model.The findings showed that the factors of education, research, management, structure, culture, and national strategies have an impact on the development of environmental culture in sport. Therefore, to develop the environmental culture in sport, all this should be used and, by doing different work, developed the environment in sport.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on organizational entrepreneurship among experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, considering the role of mediator of political intelligence. The methodology of this research is descriptive and correlational according to the nature of the subject and the desired goals. The statistical population of the study consisted of all experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, numbering 400 people. Using a sample size chart of Grejsi and Morgan sample, 196 people were selected by simple random sampling. The data of this study were conducted through the Transformation Questionnaire of Aurovin Aulivos Bes (1995) with validity and reliability of 0.74 and 0.66, Dowryar et al. (1394), Validity and Reliability Questionnaire (0.71, 0.63) and Kevin and Sliven (1982) Organizational Entrepreneurship Questionnaire Validity and reliability were 0.77, 71 and data analysis was performed by   23 software. The method used to test the hypotheses of the research is Pearson correlation coefficient. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05. Research findings show that there is a meaningful positive relationship between transformational leadership with organizational entrepreneurship and political intelligence, and between political intelligence and organizational entrepreneurship.  

  The Impact of Organizational Identity and Organizational Culture On OrganizationalImage of Sport and Youth Office of Tehran

  AbstractThe main purpose of this study is to research on Effect of stadium atmosphere and impulsivity on impulse buying of sport products. impulse buying is spur of the moment ,unplanned decision to buy , made just before a purchase .which is effected buy environment and personality .   The population of the study consisted of football spectators of Tehran Azadi stadium , because of the uncertainty of the number of population, according to Kukran formula sample size was equal to 380 people which selected randomly. In order to collect data   questionnaire of impulse buying by   Chang, H. J.(2011), questionnaire of impulsivity by   Whiteside &Lynam (2001) and stadium atmosphere by Chen, C. Y. (2013)was used. Data analysis done by using the descriptive and inferential statistics include Kolmogorov – Smirnov, Pearson correlation , path analysis of structural equations, Regression and also AMOS-21 and   -22. The results showed that sensation seeking ,one of impulsivity aspects has positive effect on impulse buying .also tow aspects of stadium atmosphere ( facilities , costume and simbols )have positive effect on impulse buying of sport products in football stadiums .  Keywords :impulse buying , stadium atmosphere , impulsivity ,sport product .

Abstract   The purpose of this study is the examination of emergencies and barriors of   using mediation process in sport. This study is the kind of partical research in terms of the results and gool, and also is a field research. The population of the study is considered to be the people who sport activities and also those who are ingaged in law especially the lawyers. The population of the study was gathered through snowball method. In order to collect data a self-made questionnaire was used. Its validity was confirmed by sport-teachers of Razi university of Kermanshah and its variables reliability was calculated by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In order to analize the data the descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation were used to describe the data. Because the gool of the study, the chi-square test and Freedman’s Regression test were used in order to analize the data and to examin its hypotheses. The analysis of the data was done using the   -19 software. The results showed that among the necessities and barriors of using mediation process, those involved in the sport inadequate familiarity with the basics of contracts, maintaining friendly relations after mediation process and preventing enmity, the possibility of a quicksettlement of sport disputations, and reducing litigation costs of the hearing process were of the most importance comparing the others. Mediatino is supposed to be one of non-court methods of solving the sport disputation. During the years 1999-2007 mediation in sport has saved 9 billion dollars in the united states and 84 percent of people was fully satisfied because of using the mediation in sport disputations. Mediation is the most important basis of restorative justics. In restorative justics the process of hearing which is in court form and it is often occurred between an attorney and an accused changes its form. And disputation is solved through face to face contact of the disputation sides and the guidance of the mediator.Key words: restorative justice, mediation process, sports disputes