Introduction: Chronic pain can lead to cognitive impairments, and during dual-task activities, it can challenge the postural control of patients with chronic pain, placing them at risk of falls. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common age-related diseases, causing pain and inability to perform daily activities, and putting patients at risk of falls and their subsequent consequences due to reduced balance performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises on pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in women with knee OA. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with a pre-test/post-test design, 44 women with knee OA (mean age: 54.89 ± 7.78 years, mean height: 158.49 ± 12.6 cm, and mean weight: 65.78 ± 11.74 kg) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises (n=22) and conventional aquatic therapy (n=22). Interventions were administered for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Before and after the interventions, pain intensity was assessed using the VAS questionnaire, cognitive function with the MoCA questionnaire, static and dynamic balance with the Tecnobody device, and gait pattern with the PT-Scan device. The outcomes of static and dynamic balance and gait pattern were assessed in the pre-test and post-test phases under three conditions of cognitive load. Data analysis was performed using a mixed repeated-measures ANOVA test with    software version 27. Findings: The findings of the present study indicated that both interventions, aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy, led to significant improvements in pain intensity (P<0.001), cognitive function (P<0.001), static balance (P=0.003), dynamic balance (P<0.001), and gait pattern (P=0.004). Furthermore, based on inter-group comparisons, the mean pain intensity and cognitive function showed significant differences between the groups (P=0.004 and P<0.001, respectively). For dynamic balance, there was no difference between the groups except under moderate cognitive load (P<0.001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in static balance and gait pattern variables. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that both aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy are effective in improving pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in elderly women with knee OA. However, adding cognitive components to aquatic exercises can lead to greater improvements in pain intensity, cognitive function, and dynamic balance under low cognitive load. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the combination of cognitive and motor stimuli in an aquatic environment is a safe and effective rehabilitation intervention that can simultaneously improve the physical and cognitive health of patients with knee OA. Keywords:

  AbstractIntroduction: The most common and dangerous problem in patients with kneeosteoarthritis is impaired balance and postural control, especially during simultaneouscognitive tasks, which increases the risk of falls. The aim of the present study was toinvestigate the effects of cognitive loads on pain intensity, postural control, and gait patternfollowing six sessions of anodal tDCS stimulation of M1 and DLPFC.Methods: Fifty-four elderly women with knee osteoarthritis who met the inclusion criteriavolunteered to participate in the study; they were randomly assigned to the anodal-tDCSM1 stimulation group (18 people), the anodal-tDCS-DLPFC stimulation group (18 people),and the sham or control group (18 people). Before and immediately after the six sessionsof non-invasive stimulation, balance was assessed with the Tecnobody device, gait patternwith the PT-Scan device, pain with the VAS questionnaire, and cognitive function with theMOCA questionnaire. The interventions included six consecutive 20-minute sessions ofanodal tDCS stimulation of the M1 and DLPFC areas. In the pre-test and post-tests, whenevaluating the study outcomes, talking to the subject was considered as a low-difficultycognitive load, the auditory arithmetic task was considered as a moderate -difficultycognitive load and the serial arithmetic task was considered as a high-difficulty cognitiveload.Results: The results of the present study showed that six sessions of tDCS interventionapplied to both M1 and DLPFC areas significantly reduced pain intensity compared to thecontrol group, and there was no difference between the two interventions in this effect (P< 0.001). Also, the effect of M1 intervention on dynamic balance under high cognitive loadconditions was significantly better than DLPFC. In addition, regarding the plantar pressuredistribution symmetry index factor, the effect of M1 intervention on this index in highcognitive load conditions was significantly better than DLPFC. However, the effects of thestudy interventions on static balance under different levels of cognitive load did not showa significant difference in response to stimulation of different brain areas (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Considering the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the effect ofdirect transcranial anodal stimulation on dynamic balance and biomechanical indicators ofgait in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis depends on the stimulation area and the levelof cognitive load. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in some conditions,especially under high cognitive load, led to a relative improvement in heel strike symmetryand dynamic balance, while stimulation of the DLPFC did not show a significant effect.However, a definitive and consistent difference between the two regions was not observedin all conditions, but specific targeting of M1 may be more beneficial in cognitivelychallenging conditions.137Keywords: cognitive load, postural control, pain, knee osteoarthritis, transcranial directcurrent stimulation (tDCS), balance, gait patterning

   مقدمه:  استئوآرتريت زانو به عنوان يك بيماري تخريبي مفصلي شايع، با ايجاد درد و محدوديت حركتي، كيفيت زندگي سالمندان را به ويژه در زنان تحت تأثير قرار مي‌دهد. از آنجا كه فعاليت بدني نقش كليدي در مديريت اين عوارض ايفا مي‌كند، اين مطالعه به بررسي و مقايسه اثربخشي دو مداخله ورزشي متمايز، يعني پياده‌روي معمولي و پياده‌روي نورديك،   بر شاخص‌هايي چون درد، تعادل، عملكرد شناختي و ناتواني‌هاي مرتبط با استئوآرتريت زانو در زنان سالمند مي‌پردازد.

   Introduction and Objective: Decreased motor and cognitive function is one of the main problems of the elderly. The use of exercise training can be suggested as an effective intervention program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive and psychomotor training on executive functions, fear of falling, cognitive indicators, and daily activities of elderly women in Kermanshah city. Methodology: The research method of the present study is a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all elderly women over 65 years of age in Kermanshah city. The statistical sample included 45 elderly women between the ages of 65 and 75 who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: cognitive, perceptual-motor, and control training. The Fall Efficacy Scale test was used to measure fear of falling, the Mahoney and Barthel (1965) Daily Activities Scale was used to measure the daily activities of the elderly, the Flostein Cognitive Status Assessment (1975) was used to measure cognitive index, and the Gerard Executive Function Questionnaire (2000) was used to measure executive function. For data analysis in the descriptive statistics section, the mean was used to calculate central tendencies and the standard deviation of the data was used to calculate dispersion tendencies. In the inferential statistics section, after ensuring the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the ANOVA test was used

  # Abstract ## Introduction and Objective Play is one of the methods to enhance physical activity in children. Utilizing innovative play techniques can be of great significance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Montessori games on physical literacy and executive functions of male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. ## Methodology The research method employed in this study is semi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test/post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. From this population, 50 participants (based on prior research) were randomly selected—25 for the experimental group and 25 for the control group. To measure physical literacy, the Canadian Physical Literacy Assessment-2 was used; working memory was assessed using the Reading Span Test; cognitive inhibition was measured with the Flanker Test; and cognitive flexibility was evaluated through the Stroop Test. After confirming the normal distribution of the data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-tests for inter-group and intra-group comparisons. ## Findings The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the two groups of students after receiving Montessori games in the variables of physical literacy, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the experimental group from the pre-test to the post-test in the mentioned variables. ## Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that educators, parents, and caregivers utilize Montessori games to enhance the physical literacy and executive functions of students. Keywords: Montessori play, physical literacy, executive function, students

  Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis causes disability in the simplest daily activities and fatigue in the lower extremities. Based on the findings of previous studies, non-invasive brain stimulation as a new therapeutic strategy has played a significant role in increasing the excitability of motor neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of closed motor chain training following seven consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) on pain, balance, and motor function in women with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 female patients with inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of the tDCS, tPCS, and control groups. The experimental group received real stimulation for 7 sessions and the control group received sham stimulation, then underwent closed motor chain training for 12 sessions (3 sessions per week) over a period of one month. Before and after the study interventions, pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), balance with the PT-Scan, knee joint proprioception with the inclinometer, quadriceps muscle electrical activity with the EMG, and motor function with the UGT and 40M tests were assessed by an evaluator. Findings:The findings of the present study, based on within-group comparison, showed that after five weeks of intervention, in all three groups of CKC exercises with tDCS stimulation, tPCS stimulation and the control group, the variables of static balance in the open eye state, knee proprioception, electrical activity and lower limb muscle strength had positive and significant improvements (p=0.001); and the results of the one-way ANOVA test in the between-group comparison of post-test data in these factors indicated a positive effect of the interventions on the aforementioned variables. However, there was no significant difference in the variables of pain intensity, fatigue, motor function (40-meter walk, going up and down stairs and UGT, WOMAC test), knee instability intensity, plantar pressure distribution and static balance in the closed eye state. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the closed motor chain training protocol and non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) both had a significant effect on the research variables. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, pain, fatigue, motor function, instability, proprioception, balance, closed-chain motor exercises, muscle electrical activity, tDCS, tPCS.

چكيده مقدمه: بسياري از آسيب­هاي رباط صليبي قدامي (ACL[1]) در شرايط غيرتماسي و در مانورهايي چون كاتينگ[2]، چرخش يا فرود به دنبال يك پرش، رخ مي­دهند. خستگي نيز به‌عنوان يك عامل شناخته شده در كاهش ظرفيت توليد نيروي عضله، مي­تواند كنترل حركات را تغيير داده و فرد را در معرض آسيب‌هايي چون پارگي ACL قرار دهد. تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي (tDCS[3]) به‌عنوان روشي غيرتهاجمي در بهبود عملكردهاي عصبي - عضلاني مي‌تواند در مهار خستگي عصبي - عضلاني مؤثر واقع شود؛ بنابراين محققين در مطالعه حاضر به دنبال مقايسه اثرات تحريك آنودال نواحي قشر حركتي اوليه (M1[4]) و قشر پيش‌پيشاني جانبي (DLPFC[5]) بر حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از خستگي عصبي - عضلاني در زنان تمرين كرده بودند. روش­ها: در مطالعه نيمه‌تجربي حاضر، 45 ورزشكار زن تمرين كرده، با دارا بودن معيارهاي ورود به مطالعه، به‌صورت تصادفي ساده به سه گروه تحريكM1 ، DLPFC و sham (هر گروه 15 نفر) تخصيص داده شدند. پس از ارزيابي پيامدهاي مطالعه در پيش‌آزمون، پروتكل خستگي عصبي-عضلاني اعمال و با كاهش 20 درصدي ارتفاع پرش عمودي و كسب حداقل نمره 17 از مقياس Borg، مجدداً پيامدهاي مطالعه ارزيابي شدند. در ادامه، تحريك­هاي tDC   به مدت 5 روز متوالي با شدت ? ميلي‌آمپر و به‌مدت ?? اعمال شدند. پس از اتمام مداخلات، مجدداً قبل و پس از وقوع خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، پيامدهاي مطالعه بررسي شدند. پيامدهاي مطالعه شامل، حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا و پويا و عملكرد حركتي اندام تحتاني بودند؛ كه به ترتيب با قدرمطلق خطاي بازسازي زاويه و ابزار اينكلاينومتر، دستگاه تكنوبادي، تست­هاي جهش تك پا،   جهش لي سه‌گام، پرش لي 6 متر در زمان و پرش لي متقاطع اندازه‌گيري شدند. جهت مقايسه ميانگين هاي درون‌گروهي و بين‌گروهي از آنواي مختلط (بين-درون‌گروهي) با استفاده از نرم افزار   27 استفاده شد. يافته­ها: بين گروه‌ها از نظر تغييرات حس عمقي، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت آماري معناداري مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). اما نتايج تحليل درون‌گروهي نشان داد كه در گروه M1 برخي از شاخص‌ها از جمله حس عمقي و عملكرد حركتي بهبود نسبي يافت شد اما درDLPFC   و شم اين تأثير كمتر بود. نتيجه­گيري: يافته­هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تحريك tDCS طي پنج جلسه در شرايط خستگي، اثرات معناداري بر شاخص‌هاي عملكرد عصبي-عضلاني ندارد. پيشنهاد مي‌شود مطالعات آينده با افزايش مدت مداخله، استفاده از روش‌هاي تركيبي و بررسي اثرات ماندگار در پيگيري‌هاي بلندمدت انجام شود. كليد واژگان: تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي، خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، حس عمقي، تعادل، اندام تحتاني. [1] Anterior cruciate ligament [2] Cutting

  ackground: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that is accompanied by progressive joint destruction, persistent systemic inflammation, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Factors like interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) play a central role in its pathogenesis. Exercise is recommended as a complementary therapy, but the acute inflammatory and neurophysiological response to a single session of aerobic activity and the difference of responses in hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study for the first time examined the effect of a single 30-minute session of moderate-intensity aerobic activity under normobaric hypoxia (13% oxygen, equivalent to an altitude of about 3800 meters) and normoxia on inflammatory indices and neurophysiological responses of these patients.Methods: This study was conducted in a controlled crossover design with counterbalanced order. After preliminary examinations, 16 men aged 30–64 years with rheumatoid arthritis living in Kermanshah voluntarily participated in this study. Before the main sessions, participants attended a familiarization session with the procedure. In this session, after full explanations about the procedure, possible benefits and harms, written consent was obtained. Then, participants were randomly assigned to two separate sessions (hypoxia and normoxia) with a one-week interval. In each session, after 30 minutes of rest in hypoxic or normoxic conditions, participants performed a 30-minute aerobic activity on a cycle ergometer at 65–75% of maximum heart rate under the same condition. In each session, blood sampling was performed before and after aerobic activity to measure IL-6, CRP, and ESR. Also, pain index, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO?) during aerobic activity; as well as sleep quality (Groningen questionnaire) and well-being (WBQ) on the night after aerobic activity were assessed. Normal distribution of data was checked with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and depending on the result, paired t-test (RPE, HR, SpO?, pain index, WBQ well-being score) or Wilcoxon test (IL-6, CRP, ESR, sleep quality) was used.Findings: The results of the present study showed that IL-6 decreased significantly after exercise in normoxic condition (p = 0.011), but did not change significantly under hypoxia. Also, ESR decreased significantly in both hypoxia and normoxia (respectively: p = 0.026, p = 0.043). SpO? during exercise was significantly lower in hypoxia (p < 0.001), and rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p = 0.019). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between hypoxia and normoxia for CRP, heart rate, pain, sleep quality, and well-being questionnaire scores.Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in men with rheumatoid arthritis is safe in terms of pain sensation, sleep quality, and well-being, both in normoxia and hypoxia, and men with rheumatoid arthritis can benefit from the advantages of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. However, aerobic exercise under hypoxia should be performed with caution and under supervision, because it may reduce part of the anti-inflammatory responses and increase physiological and perceptual load.Keywords: Normobaric hypoxia; Simulated altitude; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; C-reactive protein; Well-being; Sleep quality

  Abstract Introduction: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant supplement that may enhance athletic performance and support psychological well-being by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of NAC supplementation on anaerobic performance, anxiety levels, perceived exertion, and pain perception during the Wingate anaerobic test. Methods: Twelve female physical education students participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Each participant consumed either 1800 mg of NAC or a placebo 45 minutes prior to performing a Wingate anaerobic test, with a one-week washout period between conditions. Outcome measures included peak power, mean power, fatigue index, anxiety levels (state and trait), and perceived pain. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests (   v26), with significance set at p < .05. Results: NAC significantly increased peak anaerobic power compared to placebo (p = .019), but no significant differences were observed in mean power (p = .167) or fatigue index (p = .937). Pain intensity and perceived exertion during the test did not differ significantly between conditions (p = .417 and p = .236, respectively). While state anxiety levels post-test were unaffected (p = .767), trait anxiety levels were significantly lower following NAC supplementation (p = .033). Conclusion: Consumption of 1800 mg of NAC approximately 45 minutes before performing the Wingate anaerobic test may increase peak anaerobic power and reduce post-test trait anxiety levels in female physical education students. However, acute supplementation with NAC does not have a significant effect on mean power, fatigue index, perceived exertion, or pain perception during the test, nor on their state anxiety levels after the test.

   Introduction and Objective: Skilled athletes often suffer from psychological effects of competing, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, which may be due to decreased concentration, attention, and other cognitive factors. One of the solutions is to use the athletes' own mental skills, which requires training in this field to be useful. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of mental training on cognitive performance, competitive anxiety, and psychological resilience of skilled female wushu athletes.

         Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis among people over 65 years of age, who usually experience pain and increased difficulty in daily functional activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of neuromuscular training in water and transcranial direct current (tDCS) movement on pain, function, physical instability, and quality of life in women with knee osteoarthritis with a hollowing feature. Materials and Methods: The present study, which is a clinical trial with parallel groups, double-blind, sham-controlled, and pretest-posttest design, was conducted. 40 patients with hollowing-feature knee osteoarthritis (mean age: 90.55 ± 9.35, height: 157.70 ± 4.80, weight: 78.55 ± 8.66, body mass index: 61.31 ± 2.21) were recruited as a statistical sample in existing companies. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the aquatic neuromuscular training group combined with transcranial direct current movement (r-tDCS) (n=20) and the aquatic neuromuscular training group with sham movement (sh-tDCS) (n=20). Both groups received aquatic neuromuscular training three sessions per week for six weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes, with the difference that subjects in the r-tDCS group demonstrated real movement and in the sh-tDCS group demonstrated sham movement. In the past, pain with visual analog speed, motor power test by 3-meter walk, 40-meter walk and time to climb and descend 8 standard stairs by stopwatch, performance with questionnaire (WOMAC), knee instability with Felson, target movement phobia with experimental error of inclinometer, quality of life with questionnaire Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Hip Quality of Life Questionnaire (OAKHQOL), plantar pressure with PT scan, power of force acting on the knee by hand dynamometer and lower limb kinematic evaluation using videos recorded by two cameras in two sagittal and frontal and frontal devices and analysis. After six weeks of intervention, the study messages were re-examined. For data analysis and analysis, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures was used by    software version 27. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, adding transcranial direct current (tDCS) (anodal M1) to neuromuscular training in water enhances the mechanisms of pain and the brain's response to analgesic training and is clinically more effective for improving quality of life, motor function, and reducing the severity of knee instability and motor movements in patients with fear.    Keywords: Neuromuscular training, water therapy, transcranial direct current (tDCS), knee osteoarthritis, knee instability, performance, quality of life, pain

   Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems of the new era among young smartphone users worldwide. Portability leads to a wide variety of postures during different activities of the day. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the time of mobile phone use and body posture during use among male students of Razi University. It is hypothesized that body postures vary depending on the time of day; therefore, musculoskeletal disorders may also vary. Methods: The present study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 351 male students at Razi University with a mean age of (24/26±3/83) years, mean height of (1/79±0/06) cm, and mean weight of (77/82±10/95) kg. Four time periods of the day, namely morning, afternoon, evening and night, and a >Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, different times of using a mobile phone during the day and body position have an effect on the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in male students and can increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.    Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, mobile phones, Razi University students, usage time, ergonomic assessment.

Abstract Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation are among the non-invasive brain methods that have been used in various studies. tDCS, as one of the most common non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, has recently received special attention in sports science. However, limited research has been conducted on the effect of tDCS on improving athletic, cognitive, and perceptual performance in anaerobic activities of a repetitive nature. Transcranial pulsed current electrical stimulation (tPCS) has also attracted much attention as a new method. The importance of this approach is further emphasized when studies have shown that tPCS has a greater ability to increase cortical excitability than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of tDCS and tPCS on athletic performance and perceptual responses during and after six periods of maximal anaerobic activity.   

چكيده مقدمه: در دهه‌هاي اخير، رشد و توسعه فن‌آوري‌هاي نوين و افزايش دسترسي به رسانه‌هاي ديجيتال از يك سو، و كاهش فعاليت‌هاي بدني به دليل سبك زندگي كم‌تحرك از سوي ديگر، منجر به كاهش سطح سواد حركتي در كودكان و نوجوانان شده است. اين تغييرات در الگوي زندگي، ضرورت استفاده از رويكردهاي آموزشي نوين و جذاب را براي افزايش سطح سواد بدني كودكان بيش از پيش نمايان ساخته است. سواد حركتي به‌عنوان يكي از اجزاي كليدي رشد بدني و سلامت عمومي، شامل توانايي حركت مؤثر، درك حركتي و اعتماد به نفس در فعاليت‌هاي بدني است. بهبود اين مهارت‌ها مي‌تواند نه تنها به رشد حركتي، بلكه به سلامت رواني و اجتماعي كودكان نيز كمك كند. در اين راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ به‌عنوان يك رويكرد نوين آموزشي بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان دختر 9 تا 11 سال شهرستان كنگاور انجام شد. روش تحقيق: روش پژوهش به صورت نيمه‌تجربي و با طراحي پيش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با گروه‌هاي كنترل و تجربي صورت گرفت. نمونه پژوهش شامل 40 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر پايه ابتدايي در محدوده سني 9 تا 11 سال بود كه به صورت نمونه‌گيري خوشه‌اي تصادفي از مدارس شهرستان كنگاور انتخاب شدند. شركت‌كنندگان به دو گروه تجربي (20 نفر) و كنترل (20 نفر) تقسيم شدند. براي ارزيابي سواد حركتي از پرسشنامه سواد حركتي كانادا-نسخه دوم (CAPL-2) استفاده شد. اين ابزار، يكي از ابزارهاي معتبر و استاندارد براي سنجش سواد حركتي است كه شامل ارزيابي جنبه‌هاي مختلف توانايي‌هاي بدني، حركتي و درك حركتي مي‌باشد. گروه تجربي به مدت 8 هفته (2 جلسه در هر هفته) در جلسات آموزشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ شركت كردند. اين بازي‌ها كه مبتني بر نظريه‌هاي يادگيري حركتي و رشد مهارت‌ها طراحي شده‌اند، با تأكيد بر جنبه‌هاي سرگرم‌كننده و چالش‌برانگيز، به بهبود توانايي‌هاي حركتي و تقويت علاقه‌مندي به فعاليت‌هاي بدني مي‌پردازند. گروه كنترل در اين مدت، برنامه‌هاي آموزشي معمول خود را بدون شركت در اين بازي‌ها ادامه دادند. براي تحليل داده‌هاي جمع‌آوري‌شده، ابتدا با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك نرمال بودن توزيع داده‌ها بررسي شد. سپس، به منظور بررسي تأثير مداخله، از تحليل كوواريانس (ANCOVA) بهره گرفته شد. تمامي تحليل‌ها با استفاده از نسخه 26 نرم‌افزار    انجام گرفت. نتايج اين تحليل‌ها به‌منظور ارزيابي تفاوت بين دو گروه تجربي و كنترل و تعيين اثربخشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.  

هدف: دوران سالمندي ويژگي هاي جسمي و خلقي را براي هر فرد در طول زندگي به وجود مي آورد، بنابراين هر فرد سالمند نيازمند فعاليت هاي ورزشي جهت ارتقا سلامت جسمي و رواني خويش براي بهبود كيفيت زندگي خود است. با افزايش سن تغييراتي در كيفيت زندگي و ساختار خواب و ريتم شبانه روزي ايجاد مي شود. اين تغييرات منجر به بروز اختلالات خواب و شكايات مكرر ناشي از آن مي‌گردد. سالمندان بسياري در سال هاي اخير به ورزش روي آورده اند زيرا   ورزش يكي از بهترين راهكارها براي حفظ سلامتي افراد سالمند مي باشد. موارد و روش‏ها: جامعه آماري اين پژوهش را مردان سالمند 65 – 75 سال شهر كنگاور تشكيل دادند. از اين جامعه آماري 24 نفر (گروه هاي 12 نفره تجربي و كنترل) به عنوان نمونه در پژوهش حاضر شركت كردند. پس از انتخاب نمونه‌ها ابتدا جهت اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي و خواب از آنها پيش آزمون گرفته شد. زمان تكميل پرسشنامه ها دو روز قبل از شروع پروسه پژوهش بود. بدين صورت كه به منظور اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي از پرسشنامه كيفيت زندگي كه بر اساس معيارهاي مطرح شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني تحت عنوان (WHOQOL-BREF) مي‌باشد و ترجمه فارسي آن در سايت سازمان موجود است، استفاده شد. براي ارزيابي كيفيت خواب از پرسشنامه كيفيت خواب پيتزبورگ استفاده شد. اين پرسشنامه بهترين ابزار براي اندازه گيري كيفيت خواب در افراد سالمند است. برنامه تمريني به طور كامل در دست نوشته‌اي در اختيار گروه تجربي قرار گرفت و آنها به مدت 8 هفته، در روزهاي فرد تمرينات تركيبي تعادلي و هوازي را در خانه انجام دادند. در حالي كه گروه كنترل هيچگونه تمريني انجام نداد. سپس از آزمودني ها پس آزموني جهت اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي و خواب كاملا مشابه با مرحله پيش آزمون گرفته شد. يافته‏ها: با توجه به اختلاف معنادار بين پيش آزمون و پس آزمون داده‌هاي بدست آمده از پژوهش اينطور مي توان عنوان نمود كه انجام   هشت هفته تمرين تعادلي هوازي در خانه تاثير معناداري بر كيفيت زندگي و كيفيت خواب آزمودني‌ها دارد.    كليد واژها: تمرين تعادلي هوازي، سالمندان، كيفيت زندگي، كيفيت خواب

      The effect of twelve weeks of light aerobic exercise on cognitive and motor performances in women with non-severe Multiple sclerosis.    Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is on autoimmune disease of the central nervous system on which the neurons of the central nervous. Which the neurons of the central nervous. system are attacked by the patient's immune system and depending on the severity of the damage , it causes different symptoms in the patient. The highest rate of prevalence is in young people between 20 and to years old. And disabilities such as fatigue , imbalance, visual, impairment, cognitive problems such as memory loss, ect. Are amorg the complications of this disease. Methods: This reseaech was conducted on 30 female patients with MS who were randomly divided in to two control and experimental groups of 15 peoples, bimanual coadination, memory and reaction time were simple, they gave a pre- test. Then the experimental group performed light aerobic exercices protocal for twelve weeks and two sessions every week. The control group did not do any exercise during this period. After this interventions, a post – test was conducted for both groups. Results: The vesults of the research indicated the sidnificant effect of aerobic sports on all cognitive and motor functions examined in this research, There fore, submaximal to MS patients in order to improve the factors examined in this reavch.

  ackground and purpose: The complexity of educational methods and the category of individual differences have created many challenges for motor skills training specialists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of linear and non-linear training (selected ball games) on the development of ball skills in girls aged 7-9, focusing on self-efficacy and enjoyment of the activity. Methodology: The statistical population of the research included girls aged 7-9 living in the city of Kermanshah. The statistical sample consisted of 30 people who were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people: linear training and non-linear training. Both groups for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week in the intervention program that included linear training (doing prescribed and repetitive exercises) and non-linear training (manipulation of task constraints such as equipment and instructions) of Heidelberg ball games. were given Ball skills, including throwing accuracy from above the shoulder, basketball spiral dribble and shot test, along with the cognitive variables of pleasure and self-efficacy, were evaluated before and after the intervention. Using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the normality of the data was checked. Analysis of covariance test was also used to compare groups while considering the effect of disturbing variables. Statistics were done with    software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings The results of this research comprehensively showed that the non-linear training approach compared to the linear training method has significant effects on improving ball-related skills and some psychological aspects in children. In particular, regarding the over-the-shoulder throw component, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (P = 0.002), so that the group that experienced non-linear training performed better than the group that benefited from the linear method. This finding suggests that non-linear methods can enhance more complex motor skills in children. In the case of basketball spiral dribble, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.201). However, the findings regarding the shot component showed that the non-linear group performed significantly better than the linear group (P = 0.007), which highlights the importance of flexible and non-linear teaching approaches in fostering more detailed and specialized skills. From a psychological point of view, the examination of the activity enjoyment variable showed that the non-linear group enjoyed the activities significantly more (P = 0.003), which indicates that a varied and flexible educational experience can increase children's motivation and participation. Also, the level of self-efficacy in the non-linear group was significantly higher (P = 0.031), which indicates the positive effect of this method on children's self-confidence and individual abilities.

مقدمه و هدف: دانش‌آموزاني كه داراي فعاليت بدني روزانه و منظم هستند، اغلب داراي قوه همكاري، سازگاري، روحيه بالاتر، كنترل ميزان هيجانات و احساسات،   روحيه نوع دوستي و فروتني بيشتر و درضمن به لحاظ تحصيلي نيز عملكرد بهتري دارند. لذا هدف از تحقيق حاضر، رابطه تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال و غيرفعال شهرستان سرپل ذهاب بود. روش شناسي: جامعه آماري اين پژوهش نيز تمامي دانش آموزان پسر 10-6 ساله مدارس ابتدايي شهرستان سرپل ذهاب بودند. نمونه‌ها به صورت خوشه اي تصادفي ساده انتخاب و شامل دانش‌آموزان فعال(20نفر) و دانش آموزان غيرفعال(20نفر) شدند. در جلسه نخست، از آزمون مهارت حركتي(تبحرحركتي) برونينكز-اوزرتسكي[1] و پرسشنامه خودكارآمدي استفاده گرديد. همچنين جهت تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از آزمون آماري همبستگي پيرسون استفاده شد. يافته ها: نتايج نشان داد كه ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال رابطه معناداري وجود دارد(p<0/05 ،   r=0/295 ) اما ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان عيرفعال رابطه معناداري وجود ندارد(p>0/05 ، همچنين ميان تبحرحركتي و خودكارآمدي دانش آموزان فعال و غيرفعال تفاوت معناداري وجود دارد. بحث و نتيجه گيري: با توجه به نتايج بدست آمده، به مربيان و معلمان توصيه مي شود كه در جهت ارتقاي فعاليت بدني و افزايش تبحرحكتي نوجوانان بپردازند كه سبب افزايش حس توامندي، خودباوري و خودكارآمدي نوجوان شود. [1]. Bruninks-Oseretsky   

  Abstract Sports exercises have been proposed as a therapeutic method for empowering, treating and controlling high blood pressure, and as lifestyle modifications, it has been recommended for one of several cases. On the other hand, studies show that resistance exercises are very effective on muscle growth and strength. Along with sports activities, it has been shown that nutritional interventions also affect these factors. One of these can be the consumption of dark chocolate supplements containing polyphenols. Polyphenols present in dark chocolate, especially flavonols, cause dilation of blood vessels and decrease blood pressure by increasing the production of nitric acid from the endothelial tissue. On the other hand, catechins are molecules from the flavonoid family that are abundant in dark chocolate. These molecules have a positive effect on muscle growth factors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the acute consumption of dark chocolate supplement on the index of pressure perception, blood pressure and post-exercise upper body resistance performance in resistance trained girls. This research will be a double-blind randomized design and the subjects will be placed in one of the designated positions randomly.12 active female students will voluntarily participate in this research. It should be noted that the participants are randomly assigned to the supplement or placebo group for two weeks, so that the supplement group is 500 mg of dark chocolate extract containing 125 mg of polyphenol and 25 mg of epicatechin and the group Placebo 500 mg placebo (starch) is taken daily in one capsule. During resistance activity, the index of pressure perception and resistance performance, then post-exercise blood pressure is measured. Before taking the supplement or placebo, the subjects are pre-tested, so that after the general and specialized warm-up, a resistance training protocol with barbell chest press including 5 sets until exhaustion with 75% maximum 1 maximum repetition by the company. It is done with 2-minute rest intervals.Participants are advised to perform as many repetitions as possible until reaching 15 repetitions or muscle failure. Then, after two weeks of taking the supplement and placebo, the pressure perception index, resistance performance during activity and blood pressure after exercise are evaluated again under the same conditions as last time.

مقدمه: توسعه و محبوبيت رشته ورزشي واليبال در ميان اقشار جامعه به خصوص جوانان در چند سال اخير كه با تغييرات گسترده در قوانين مسابقه و روش تمرين همراه بوده، انجام مطالعات علمي به منظور بررسي ابعاد روانشناختي و ادراكي شخصيت ورزشكاران و عواملي نظير كيفيت زندگي و يا خودپندار? كه از مهم‌ترين عوامل متأثر از ورزش و فعاليت بدني بوده و مي‌تواند بر عملكرد بهينه ورزشكاران تأثيرگذار باشند و هم‌چنين وضعيت و ميزان آگاهي ورزشكاران از دانش تغذيه‌اي را به موضوعي مهم و ضروري مبدل ساخته است. از اين رو پژوهش حاضر به منظور آگاهي از سلامت عمومي ورزشكاران كه مي‌تواند به شناخت بهتر از شرايط جسمي، رواني و شناختي اين ورزشكاران كمك نمايد، بسيار حائز اهميت است.روش تحقيق: به‌منظور اجراي اين تحقيق، پس از گزينش آزمودني‌ها بر مبناي شاخص‌هاي ورود و منع ورود به تحقيق، پرسشنامه‌هاي كيفيت زندگي، خودپنداره و دانش تغذيه‌اي توسط آنان تكميل شد. ميانگين مقادير به دست آمده در متغيرهاي پژوهش با مقادير نرمال مقايسه شد.يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق حاضر نشان داد كه ميانگين مقادير كيفيت زندگي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) بيشتر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. اما اين تفاوت، معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير خود‌پنداره در مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??/??) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود اما اين تفاوت نيز معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير دانش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) در نظر گرفته شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير نگرش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (?) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود (?/???p).نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج تحقيق حاضر حاكي از آن بود كه مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام در شاخص‌هاي خودپنداره و نيز كيفيت زندگي در وضعيت مطلوبي قرار دارند در حاليكه داراي سطح دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي بسيار پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار بودند. گرچه عوامل متعددي در كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره نقش دارند، اما شايد بتوان كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره مطلوب در پژوهش حاضر را به آثار مثبت جسماني و رواني رشته واليبال نيز نسبت داد. اين امر لزوم توجه به توسعه كمي و كيفي اين رشته را نمايان مي‌سازد. از سوي ديگر، بر مبناي نتايج پژوهش حاضر و اهميت دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در سلامت شخصي و حرفه‌اي ورزشكاران، ضرورت دارد اقداماتي در راستاي بهبود اين شاخص‌هاي در واليباليست‌هاي شهر ايلام انجام پذيرد.

   Abstract Research has shown that direct transcranial stimulation, which is a non-invasive method without side effects, increases cognitive and motor functions. In fact, TDCS is an effective method to increase working memory and improve brain function in fatigue conditions, which has been researched in healthy and injured people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and executive functions in a single bout of endurance activity in semi-endurance runners. The method of the current research was experimental and the subjects of this research included 14 adult male half-endurance runners who were selected as available. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance at a significant level (p?0.05), and by    test. The results of the present research showed that the group that received electrical stimulation had a significant difference compared to the sham group in the phase of obtaining the results. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC significantly increased the time to reach paralysis (p = 0.022), decreased understanding pressure (p = 0.027), reduction of pain (p = 0.016) and even though it did not reach a significant level in the following components, but its positive effects were clear, for example, reduction in heart rate (p = 0.253) p), increasing the sense of pleasure (p = 0.391), increasing the arousal level (p = 0.597), improving hypofrontal function (p = 0.597) (in the countdown test), increasing the bimanual coordination score (43. p = 0) and (F = 0.66) reducing the choice reaction time (p = 0.235) and (F = 1.549), reducing the time to perform the Stroop test (p = 0.235) and (1.549 = F) compared to the sham stimulation condition. Findings: The results of the correlated t test showed that the time to retardation (TTE) in anodal stimulation conditions was significantly higher than in sham stimulation conditions (p = 0.022). And also according to the confirmation of the normality of the data distribution in the flexibility variable based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test (p?0.05), in order to analyze the results of this variable from the statistical test of the dichotomy with size [2x2] repeated measures, condition factor with two levels (two types of stimulation) and time factor with two levels (pre-test and post-test) were used. In the bimanual coordination variable, the interaction effect of conditions and time was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). Due to the non-significance of the interaction effect, the main effect of condition and time was used for analysis. The results of the main effect of condition showed that there was no significant difference in bimanual coordination between the two conditions (p = 0.81). On the other hand, the results of the main effect of time showed that the values of two-handed coordination decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the available results, it can be said that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area can have ergogenic effects on submaximal endurance activity by influencing the central and peripheral mechanisms. Of course, it is important to note that this study is the first study that investigated the acute effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on the athletic, cognitive and perceptual performance of semi-endurance runners, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further research in order to confirm these results.

   Abstract The importance of physical activity and its relationship with the reduction of cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, cannot be ignored, and exercise is one of the non-drug methods for treating hypertension. Citrulline malate is considered as a sports supplement that improves resistance performance and lowers blood pressure. The purpose of the present study is the acute effect of oral citrulline malate supplementation on upper body resistance performance, blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension in recreationally trained resistance men. The present research was double-blind and the subjects were placed in three randomly determined positions. 12 volunteer male bodybuilders have participated in this research. 60 minutes before the start of resistance training protocol with barbell chest press including 5 sets of 15 repetitions with 75% of a maximum repetition, subjects were given 8 grams of citrulline malate, 12 grams of citrulline malate and placebo in three different positions. Subjects complete as many repetitions as possible until reaching 15 repetitions or muscle failure. The order of placement in three positions was random and the interval between the positions was one week. Objective: To compare the acute effects of taking two doses (8 and 12 grams) of citrulline malate oral supplement on upper body resistance performance, blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension in resistance trained men. Cases and methods: The present research is in the form of semi-experimental and double-blind designs, and the subjects will be placed in three designated positions in a random and crossover manner. Findings: Short-term use of citrulline malate supplement caused a significant increase in resistance performance, a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, a significant decrease in post-exercise blood pressure, and a significant decrease in heart rate. Conclusion: The results obtained from the research show that after consuming 8 grams and 12 grams of citrulline malate, there was a significant increase in resistance performance, a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, a significant decrease in post-exercise blood pressure, and a significant decrease in heart rate. . As a result, according to the present research, male athletes are recommended to include the use of citrulline malate supplement in their program in order to improve performance in training from the perspective of resistance performance. Keywords: post-exercise blood pressure drop, resistance training, citrulline malate supplement, upper body resistance performance

هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي آثار دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي بانوان دانشجوي تربيت­بدني در شرايط هايپوكسي پس از مصرف استازولاميد بود. در شرايط هايپوكسي احتمال بروز مشكلاتي از جمله تضعيف عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي وجود دارد. از سوي ديگر ابتلا به كوه­گرفتگي حاد در ارتفاع بالاتر از 2500 متر محتمل است كه در حال حاضر داروي تأييد شده براي پيش­گيري از آن استازولاميد مي­باشد. اما، بسياري از پژوهش­ها بيانگر اثر منفي استازولاميد بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي هستند. يكي از مكمل­هايي كه براي مقابله با خستگي بدني و به منظور بهبود عملكرد شناختي مصرف مي­شود جنسينگ است. هدف پژوهش حاضر تعيين اثر همزمان استازولاميد و جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي در شرايط هايپوكسي بود. پژوهش حاضر با يك طرح متقاطع درون‌گروهي با موازنه متقابل و به صورت دوسويه كور اجرا شد. تعداد 10 بانوي دانشجوي رشته علوم ورزشي به صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شركت كردند. جداي از جلسات آشنايي و اندازه­گيري­هاي اوليه، هر آزمودني دوبار در آزمايشگاه حضور داشت و آزمون‌ زمان عكس العمل را در شرايط نورموكسي و هيپوكسي و تست هوازي وامانده‌ساز را در شرايط هايپوكسي انجام داد. در ابتدا، آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي در دو دسته پنج نفري آ و ب جاي گرفتند.دسته آ به مدت چهارده روز جنسينگ و در آخرين روز (روز قبل از آزمون) استازولاميد و در روز آزمون آخرين دوز جنسينگ و استازولاميد را مصرف كرد. شرايط در دسته ب نيز به همان صورت است با   اين تفاوت كه به جاي جنسينگ دارونما مصرف شد. فاصله بين دو شرايط براي هر آزمودني دست­كم يك هفته بود. نتايج پژوهش حاكي از آن بود كه پس از دو هفته مصرف مكمل جنسينگ، افزايش معناداري در زمان رسيدن به واماندگي (018/0=p) و كاهش معناداري در ميزان درك فشار (003/0=p) حين فعاليت استقامتي در شرايط هايپوكسي وجود دارد. همچنين نشان داده شد كه دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر تعداد ضربان قلب، اشباع اكسيژن سرخرگي و عملكرد شناختي در هيچ مقطع زماني بين دو گروه (جنسينگ و دارونما) اثر معناداري ندارد (05/0<p).

   چكيده سابقه و هدف: با توجه به اينكه در هر دو زمينه اثر ارتفاع و اثر مصرف استازولاميد در ارتفاع بر عملكرد شناختي داده هاي ضد و نقيضي وجود دارد، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر مصرف استازولاميد و هيپوكسي بر عملكرد شناختي است. در تحقيق حاضر فرض بر اين است كه ACZ با دوز پايين عملكرد شناختي را در صورت قرار گرفتن حاد در ارتفاع بالا شبيه‌سازي شده مختل نمي‌كند. بنابراين، هدف از اين مطالعه بررسي تعامل بين دوز كم ACZ و عملكرد شناختي در شرايط هيپوكسي نرموباريك بود. مواد و روش­ها: 14 دانشجوي مرد دانشگاه رازي كه همگي با روش نمونه­گيري هدفمند و در دسترس با توجه به اهداف تحقيق به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين مطالعه شركت نمودند. در اولين مراجعه به آزمايشگاه آزمون هاي زمان عكس العمل به منظور آشنايي با تست انجام شد و پس از گذشت 5 دقيقه آزمون ها براي ارزيابي سطوح پايه عملكرد شناختي اجرا شد. پس از 48 ساعت (روز سوم) مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما آغاز شد (2 دوز 125 ميلي گرمي در روز سوم، و 1 دوز ديگر در صبح روز بعد). در روز 4 و به فاصله دست كم 90 دقيقه از صرف صبحانه، تست هاي زمان عكس العمل اجرا شد و بلافاصه پس از آن ماسك ويژه دستگاه هايپوكسي روي بيني و دهان فرد فيكس شده و هايپوكسي (اكسيژن تنفسي 10 درصد) اعمال شد. نيم ساعت پس از اعمال هايپوكسي، در حالي كه هنوز ماسك روي صورت فرد است و اعمال هايپوكسي ادامه دارد، انجام تست هاي زمان عكس العمل   تكرار شد. پس از روز 4، يك هفته دوره زدايش در نظر گرفته شده است. پس از اين دوره يك هفته اي يعني روز 12، آنهايي كه در روزهاي 3 و 4 استازولاميد مصرف كرده بودند، به همان ترتيب دارونما مصرف مي كنند و بالعكس. روند كار در روزهاي 12 و 13 بجز مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما عيناً همانند روزهاي 3 و 4 بود. در كليه زمان هاي اندازه گيري، اشباع اكسيژن خون سرخرگي و ضربان قلب نيز با استفاده از دستگاه پالس اكسيمتر اندازه گيري و ثبت شد. از آزمون تي همبسته و ضريب همبستگي پيرسون براي آناليز داده ها استفاده شد. سطح معناداري 05/0 P< در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج: نتايج مقايسه مصرف استازولاميد و دارونما در شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي نشان داد كه داده هاي SRT، VRT به ترتيب در هر دو شرايط كاهش معناداري نشان دادند (P<0/05) و تنها در شرايط نورموكسي داده هاي VRT تغيير معناداري نشان نداد (P=0/100). همچنين داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P=0/013) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف استازولاميد هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. در رابطه با داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P<0/001) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف دارونما هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. نتيجه­گيري: نتايج نشان داد كه اگرچه استازولاميد مي‌تواند به طور موثري عملكرد شناختي را پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض ارتفاع بالا شبيه سازي شده بهبود بخشد، اما احتمالا داراي عوارض جانبي عصبي روان‌شناختي قابل‌توجهي است. بنابراين، بايد با احتياط و در موارد ضروري بايد تجويز شود. واژه­هاي كليدي: ارتفاع بالا،، شرايط هايپوكسي، كوه گرفتگي حاد، عملكرد شناختي

Dyspraxia

single dose of 1 gram of this supplement does not have this benefit.  

   Introduction: During the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, various centers, including schools, were closed, social relations were severely limited, and leisure activities outside the home were canceled or greatly reduced, which led to boredom and boredom among children. Also, by affecting the daily behavior of people, the covid-19 disease has led to the spread of feelings of anxiety, depression and aggression among people in society, especially children. during this period, children, especially children with disorders, who have limitations in themselves, were in home quarantine   and they are far away from environments and centers, and their movement skills have weakened and staying at home has turned them into aggressive people. the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of selected Montessori games on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Research Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population included children aged 5 to 8 with spastic hemiplegia in Kermanshah. The subjects were randomly selected from the welfare center located in Kermanshah province, Iran. In the pre-test, 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group) participated in the research. It should be noted that 2 people from the control group and 1 person from the experimental group (due to relocation and the lack of means of communication with the researcher such as the Internet and smart phones) stopped from continuing the research, and finally 10 people from the control group and 11 people in the experimental group, the post-test was performed. In addition, to participate in this research, written consent was obtained from the parents of the children (Appendix No. 1) and the test sessions were conducted in compliance with health protocols. After selecting the samples and grouping them into two experimental and control groups through a pre-test, primary data was collected by the mentioned tests according to the order (1 Lincoln Ozertsky Motor Performance Test 2 Completing the Aggression Questionnaire 3 Completing the Quality of Life Questionnaire) And then doing eight weeks of exercises at home, which included three sessions of 45 minutes each week (5 minutes of warm-up, 35 minutes of exercises and games, and then 5 minutes of cooling down), which exercises were performed according to the table provided (3 4) It varied from simple to advanced over the weeks. These exercises have a physical aspect and aim to strengthen the motor skills of these children. It should be noted that at the beginning of the sessions, the necessary tools for Montessori games were delivered to the subjects and they were taught how to use them and how to perform the exercises. The communication between the researcher and the children was through a video call on the WhatsApp virtual network. The subjects appeared in front of the camera at the appointed time and performed the exercises in front of the researcher with full clarity for a certain period of time, and any errors and shortcomings in the exercises of the subjects could be seen by the researcher and feedback was given to the subject. The exercises should be done without errors and completely by the subjects. After completing the exercises, the samples were measured during a post-test in person at the relevant centers. Findings: The results showed that the intervention based on eight weeks of selected Montessori games has a significant effect on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus (P<0.05).

   Tumor markers are substances found in body fluids such as blood, urine, serum and body tissues and are increased in people with cancer in various tissues. Most tumor markers are proteins that either increase in response to changes in the cancerous condition or are made by the cancer cells themselves. Carcinoembryonic antigen is one of the tumor markers predicting recurrence of colorectal cancer The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), quality of life and sleep quality in female colorectal cancer survivors. 12 female colorectal cancer survivors who had performed surgical resection with mean age (55.66±4.99 years), weight (75.16±12.48 ­­kg) and height (164.5±4.90 cm) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects in the experimental group completed a total of eight weeks of HIIT (3 session per week, separated at by least 24 h). each performed eight 1-min session at 95% HRmax of intense walking interspersed by 2-min interval of slow walking as recovery. Blood samples were taken from participants before and after the intervention to evaluate the effect of HIIT on CEA, in order to evaluate the effect of HIIT on quality of life and sleep quality the WHOQOL-BREF and Pittsburgh questionnaires were completed by the participants. The result showed that the 8 weeks of HIIT had no significant effect on CEA (p=0.456), but 8 weeks of HIIT had significant effect on quality of life (p=0.028) and sleep quality (p=0.027). Keywords: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), high intensity interval training (HIIT), colorectal cancer     

Consuming a high-fat meal may lead to postprandial lipemia (PPL) and inflammation. Repeated episodes of exaggerated postprandial lipemia may hasten the progression of atherosclerosis. The purposeof this study was to Comparison the acute effects of high-intensity interval and concurrent training on postprandial lipemia in inactive healthy young men.Research Methodology: In line with the objectives of the study, 12 inactive healthy young men (age: 20.34±1.71 years, BMI: 24.05±2.55 kg/m2,weight 75.36±3.57 kg,   height 177.32±3.76 cm) of Kermanshah participated in the present study as a sample available and voluntarily that randomly divided by tow groups A and B. At first group A done high intensity interval training and after one week do the concurrent training and group B first done concurrent training and after one week do the high intensity interval training. Before 48 hours performing protocol, subjects recorded all nutritions, bevereages and weight ownself. Than this diet for the same time replication for second time. After each exresice trills tomorro blood samples in overnight fast was gathered at 8 AM. To determine the normal distribution of data use of Shapiro-Wilk test, then idependent t-test was used for hypothesis of this study.  Results: The results showed that subjects have a differences significant in LDL chelestrol level (6/77% increase) after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training. But this level in HDL chelestrol (5/81% increase) and vLDL chelestrol (4/73% increase) was not significant. Results also showed that subjects have a differences significant in triglycride (TG) (10/10% increase), total chelestrol (TC) (7/00% increase), free fatty acids (FFA) (10/98% increase) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) levels (7/36% increase) after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training.  Conclusion: According to the results, it seems postprandial lipemia decrease in inactive healthy young men after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training.

      Evaluationof theperception specified to action at different conditions of focused attention in childrenwith autism spectrumThe main purpose of this study was to investigatethe specific perception of action in different focus conditions in children onthe autism spectrum. The statistical population of the study includes boys withautism spectrum disorder in Kermanshah specialized center.At first, suspected samples of autism spectrumdisorders were identified using the High Performance Autism Spectrum DisordersScreening Questionnaire (ASSQ) And we randomly dividedinto three groups of 15 people:the internal attention, external attention and control group. After presenting the basic principles of dart throwingskills, the same pattern was shown to all subjects. Then, each participant made five dart-throwingexperimental trials to warm up. After 3 minutes of rest,the subjects underwent a pre-test consisting of a block of ten attempts. After15 minutes of rest, and in the acquisition stage, the subjects performed 5blocks of 10 attempts with a three-minute rest interval between blocks. Focusing instructions were repeated before eachexperimental attempt, and subjects were asked to estimate the target sizebefore completing the assignments in each block. To do this, participants used the shape of a circle inMicrosoft PowerPoint to draw circles the same size as dart target. . Participants were allowed to change the size of thecircle as much as they felt the size of the circle would be equal to the sizeof the target. Then, the next day, the subjects performed the retention testand the transfer test.The results showed that the internal focus grouphad better dart throw performance and more specific perception of action thanthe external focus group and the control group. Also, there is a positive andsignificant relationship between dart throw performance and special perceptionof the action of the internal focus group in the acquisition stage. According to the results of the present study, theinternal focus of attention in people with autism spectrum disorder leads tobetter performance and special perception of action than the external focus ofattention on darts.

Abstract this study aimed to compare the motor Proficiency of obese boys and girls aged 11-9 in Sanandaj. The method of the present study was descriptive causal-comparative. Among obese primary school students in the second year of Sanandaj city. 40 people (20 girls and 20 boys) were selected as overweight. The Bruininks-oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was used to measure motor proficiency. After confirming the normal distribution of data using Shapiro-wilk test, independent t-test was used. The results showed that among the factors of running speed and agility, balance, strength, upper limb coordination, visual-motor control and speed There was a significant difference in upper limb agility in obese boys and girls, and boys were better in these components (p <.05). Also, there is no difference between two-way coordination factors and response speed in the two groups. The pattern of the present findings showed that although the motor proficiency of obese students in Sanandaj were generally low, but the decrease in the level of motor proficiency in obese girls is more affected than obese boys, which may be due to differences in fat and muscle tissue distribution between the sexes   And confirms the importance of regular physical activity to improve motor skills, especially in obese girls.  

Introduction: One of the most important aspects of learning transfer is Bilateral transfer. Bilateral transfer is the process of transferring information obtained by environmental stimuli from one hemisphere of the brain to another hemisphere and acquiring the ability to perform motor skills with symmetrical organs of the body. The results of some studies indicate the effectiveness of exercises in the mirror on learning and transfer of motor tasks. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Basketball Dribbling Practice in Mirror on Bilateral Transfer in Novice Players. Methods: In this study, 30 novice right-handed basketball players with an age range of 18-24 years were randomly selected from the participants in Qorveh basketball training dir="LTR" >Results: The results showed that the dribbling   performance, dribbling error and slalom performance improved significantly from pre-test to post-test in all groups (p<0.05). But the results of comparison between groups showed that the transfer in two groups of transfer from superior to superior and transfer from non-superior to non-superior   in all three variables of dribbling performance, dribbling error and slalom performance is better than There are two groups of transfer from non-superior to superior and transfer from superior to non-superior (p<0.05). Discussion: This pattern of finding suggests that exercises due to mirror visual feedback were useful for increasing skills in all groups. So coaches can use the mirror practice method to keep the injured limb ready and transfer skills from the trained limb to the untrained limb. Keywords: Motor learning, Bilateral Transfer, Mirror exercises (Mirror Visual feedback).      

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of selected fusion fitness exercises on reaction time and balance function (static, dynamic) in inactive middle-aged women. The present study is a quasi-experimental study. The research plan includes pre-test-post-test with control group and application of independent variable (8 weeks selected training program). Which is done in the field and is among the applied research. The statistical population of this study was middle-aged women of Golshahr sports complex in Tehran province who were randomly selected from the existing complexes in Karaj city and the research subjects were randomly selected from the volunteers of the center's condition unit. Data collection tool in this The research is the Scherer General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GSE-17) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (1972). TUG test was used for dynamic equilibrium and for static equilibrium the stork test subject was used and for measuring the reaction time from the reaction timer device (model 63035, Lafayette company) was used.

         Introduction: mental retardation children isn't a new issue, it's available at all times that they haven’t been mentally normal compared to adults mental retardation on chidren because of below the growth norm arnt   able to gain enough benfits from their normal educationl programs, but they will have the growth capacity if it combined with an appropriate among.problems of these people are motor competency coordination motion the spark traning program has been designel to do the physical activity in align="right" dir="RTL" >  items and methods: in this project 40 educable mentally retardation students that they were studing under the supervision of hamedan province.they purposefully chosen from elementary schools in the age range of (7-12) years old . they were divided in to 4 groups wich 2 groups for control ,are for coordination motion and one for motor competency then in both groups the spark training program was tested wich included 24 sessions of 45 minutes. researchers of the project: conclusions showed that nerformace of skills from pretest to both experimental groups has significantly improved. The 24 postest of the experimental groups.the motor competency and coordinations was significant.   Conclusion:   The pattern of results showed that spark traning program can be effective and efficient in improving the course and deliute motor skill , two handed coordination and eye-handed coordination , thus therapists and educator can benefit from training of mental retardation children.    ، spark training   program ، coordination motion ، motor   competency Keywords: . educable Mentally retardation

   Abstract    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of low and high levels of contextual interference and internal & external focus of attention on learning and transfer of forehand drive among novice table tennis players. The type of research was semi-experimental with pre-test post-test design with the control group. The information was sorted and conducted in the field and the research is considered as an applied research. Method and sampling plan were performed among teenage player who were the members of the Tennis table group in the city of Sanandaj at the beginner level (under education) in table tennis; these people have been randomly selected. The data gathering tool in this research was the Tennis Table Machine TT Matick 505, (2010) of a German Company. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. In the inferential statistics section, for the natural distribution of variables, the distribution of variables was used to test Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The result of this test was carried out on the variables examined by (  ) software for all variable groups and transferring the hypothesis of distribution. Therefore, parametric tests were used to test the hypotheses of the study. Based on the results obtained from the first hypothesis,   (it is proved that ) the effect of interference agent on the variable has a significant difference on the pre-test and post-test of the variables. In order to investigate the in-group differences, using paired t-test, pre-test and post-test status in 4 groups first group, group one 10 beginner players, in terms of internal attention with low interference, group two 10 beginner players , In terms of internal attention with high interference, group three of 10 beginner players, in terms of external attention with lower interference and group four, 10 beginner players, in terms of external attention, have been compared with high interference, compared and reported results. It showed that in every 4 groups, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test of the variable, and remembrance in post-test condition has increased significantly. And according to the second hypothesis, there is a significant difference between the pre- and post-test in groups of one, three and four, and the amount of transmission variables in the post-test condition is lower, but in group two there was no significant difference between the pre- and post-test. In the control group, it was concluded that the pre- and post-test of the transmission variable did not differ significantly, so due to the the control group (investigations), this result is logical. Finally, we can conclude that Group 3 (external attention group with low interference) has better performance than the other groups. Also, in Group 2 (internal attention group with high interference) has had a weaker performance. Keywords: contextual interference, external attention, internal attention, learning, skill, beginner, forehand drive, table tennis.      

   Abstract Introduction:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of Heidelberg ball game on academic achievement and tacit learning of first grade female students in Songhor city. Children now have less opportunity to "play", especially ball games. To this end, the "Heidelberg Ball" was established with the intention of restoring the "spirit of street games". Children in this school learn the necessary training and games in many sports to use them to develop their verbal, intellectual, emotional, social and motor skills.This school provides the mobility that children should naturally achieve in the early stages of life. Research Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with two groups of control and experimental. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in the first grade of elementary school in Songor. In this study, from all girls in the first grade of elementary school in the city of Songhar, 30 people were selected as a control group and 30 people as a experimental group were selected as a simple random sample. Research measurement tool includes academic performance questionnaire (Taylor) including 40 questions in 4 components including (self-efficacy and emotional effects components with 8 items, planning component with 16 items, lack of outcome control component with 4 items and components Motivation (12 items) was based on a five-point Likert scale. The Social Interaction Questionnaire (Alice-Whitzman) was used to determine the effect of ball games on social interactions. This questionnaire had 27 questions of 3 and 4 options. Also, to determine the effect of Heidelberg's pillow games on emotional intelligence, the children's trait-form emotional intelligence questionnaire (Salowie and Meyer) was used. This questionnaire had 75 questions. Descriptive statistics were used to >Results: The findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference between ball games with academic achievement and tacit learning (emotional intelligence and social interactions). And play enhances children's learning (emotional intelligence and social interactions) and academic achievement. Educational games promote social interaction and improve social skills during the game, which can help to create interaction between people involved in the game and promote students' tacit learning. Emotional intelligence is one of the most important factors in determining a person's success in life and directly affects a person's mental health. key words: Games, Heidelberg pillows, academic achievement, tacit learning, elementary girls.

      Abstract    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term use of taurine supplementation on lactate and blood pressure levels after a period of exhausting exercise in active female students. The whole study was semi-experimental and the method was quasi-experimental. For this purpose, 14 students with a mean age of 20.57 ± 0.93, height 167.14 ± 2.65cm, weight 66.42 ± 4.43 kg participated in the study as available samples and The randomized form was included in two groups of supplement and placebo. During the two pre-test and post-test sessions, they participated in exhausting exercise activities (Bruce test). Use for one week. After the end of the supplement, the post-test was performed immediately. Heart rate was measured at each stage and after reaching exhaustion, in order to cool down for 3 minutes, walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4km / h was performed, then the person's blood pressure was in a sitting position and 6 minutes after the end of the test, lactate Blood was measured from the subjects' finger blood samples. In order to differentiate between the variables in the inferential statistics section, before analyzing the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to ensure the normality of the data, due to the natural distribution of the data and the small number of variables to examine the pre-test data. After the test, paired t-test was used. The results of the study showed that short-term use of taurine supplementation significantly reduced the lactate response (p = 0.000) of the subjects after a period of exhausting exercise Cause

   Abstract Objective: The goal of sports science researchers and researchers is to maximize the performance of athletes in different fields of sport. To this end, researchers seek to identify factors that influence athlete performance and it is well accepted that sleep is one of the essentials of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30-hours sleep deprivation on the response of leptin and ghrelin levels to an Exhaustive activity among active male students. Materials and Methods: Among the active male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 20 undergraduate students were selected through convenience sampling and participated in the study. Subjects were evaluated by simple randomized cross-sectional design in two situations. Results: Information related to the comparison of post-test and pre-test in two experimental (sleep deprivation) and control (adequate sleep) situations showed that leptin hormone in sleep deprivation conditions decreased compared to rest conditions (9.4 %) And ghrelin hormone in experimental conditions increased compared to control conditions (2.04%) and this difference is considered significant at the level (p = 0.0012). Insomnia also caused significant changes in physiological parameters (VO2max, heart rate, blood pressure, time to exhaustion, etc.). Conclusion: 30 hours of sleep deprivation decreased leptin and at the same time increased ghrelin, which indicates the importance of night sleep, which is one of the influential factors associated with obesity and overweight. Especially by coaches and athletes who after sleep deprivation cause a significant effect on their performance, should be given more attention.

  The most important factors affecting the learning and performance of motor skills can be feedback and psychological pressure due to the presence of spectators on the performance of athletes. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of self-controlled feedback on volleyball service performance under pressure of spectators in beginner and skilled players. The statistical society of this research includes all volleyball gyms located in harsin sity, among which all were selected by random-cluster sampling of two gyms and among the woman who came to these gyms, 60 people were selected randomly (30 beginner and 30 skilled volleyball players) who had the criteria for entering the research, Then each category of these players were divided randomly into three groups: self-controlled, paired and control (each group has ten people). After that, each person did 10 sequential simple services in the absence of the spectator and lack of feedback. This test was conducted in order to homogenize groups of people. Then, each person performed 10 sequential simple services in the presence of spectators and under their psychological stress (to avoid seeing encounter location of the ball with the ground by the subjects, from the subject was wanted to rotate around 180 degrees after service). Then, according to the group, required feedback was provided to the person. After that, the scores of each person in their trials were recorded based on the APHRED volleyball service test. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the central indicators (Mean) and dispersion indicators (Standard Deviation) of the groups. After assuring the natural distribution of the data using Shapiro Wilk test, to test the research hypotheses, the parametric method of inferential statistics (One Way Anova) was used. An appropriate follow up test (Bonferroni test) was used to examine the differences between groups and in all cases, the significance level of 0.05 was considered. The results of the research showed that in the group of beginner players, the self-controlled feedback group had significantly higher scores than the paired (P=0/014) and control (P=0/028) groups, there was no significant difference between the paired and control groups (P=1/000); in the group of skilled players, there was no significant difference between the self-controlled feedback group with the paired group (P=1/000), while had significant difference with the control group (P=0/024), also there was significant difference between the paired and control groups (P=0/006). Regarding these results, in both beginner and skilled players, self-controlled feedback improves performance, but the beginner group than the skilled group gain more benefit from self-controlled feedback.  Keywords: Self-controlled feedback, volleyball service, beginner and skilled players.

    Background. Considering Chlorella Vulgaris role in improving immune function, purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of HIIT training and Chlorella vulgaris supplements on levels of oxidative stress markers in overweight men.Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects in this study (22.8 ± 1.2 yrs; 27.1 ± 9.66 BMI) were randomly assigned into three groups (10 N): supplement + exercise, placebo + training and training groups. Before and 48 hours after the end of 6 weeks of HIIT training, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for interleukin-6, insulin and glucose levels measurements. The participants' training program included 6 weeks of intensive HIIT progressive exercise. Subjects of the supplement group received chlorella vulgaris supplementation (300 mg) every four time daily for six weeks, and the placebo group consumed Sucrose tablets similar to chlorella   tab. Significance level (P <0.05) was used for all data analyzes.Results: The results showed that chlorella vulgaris supplementation with HIIT exercises significantly decreased MDA and NO compared to other groups (P <0.05). Also, PC levels when comparing the three groups showed a significant decrease in the supplement + exercise group compared to the training group but did not show significant differences with placebo + training group (P <0.05). Body composition results showed a decrease in body fat and an increase in aerobic fitness of subjects in the exercise + supplement group compared to other groups (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that six weeks of HIIT training with supplementation of chlorella vulgaris caused MDA, NO, PC levels in overweight men.  Keywords: Interval Training, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, malondialdehyde , protein Carbonyl, Nitrite oxide

  AbstractAs a recent variable, strategic entrepreneurship has found a special place among many researchers in the world as a key factor for growth and acquisition of wealth and satisfaction of customers of different institutions, including sport organizations. the main purpose of this study is the effect of strategic entrepreneurship on performance by emphasizing the strategic role of competitive advantage in sport clubs in the west of the country. the present study is descriptive - survey. the population of this study consisted of managers and heads of all western sports clubs in the west. The sampling method in this research was stratified random and was considered as the sample based on the Cochran formula 261. The research tools included the Strategic Entrepreneurship Questionare of Malek Ehlagh (2014), the competitive advantage Questionare of Lili et al. (2006) and the business performance Questionare of Holly et al. (2009). For analyzing data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, dispersion and center-to-center) and inferential (Structural Equation Modeling Methodology) were used with    22 and Amos 24 softwares. It should be noted that quantitative statistical analysis was performed with a level of error of 0.05. based on the results, strategic entrepreneurship has a significant positive impact on competitive advantage and on employee performance of western sports clubs. Competitive advantage has also a positive and significant impact on the business performance of employees of western sports clubs in the country. Furthermore, among the components of strategic entrepreneurship, only entrepreneurial mind was not competitive, as well as the elements of the resources administration and innovation on performance. As it is clear, the survival and growth of each organization in terms of various factors including: growth, innovation, performance evaluation, and improving it in competitive market and so on. It has to be noted that there has never been a research with this field in sport organisations. therefore, the researcher suggests that the results of this research can be considered the attention of many organizations and sport institutions in order to obtain factors such as profit and wealth, growth of innovation, acquisition and retention of customer satisfaction, acquisition and retention of customers ' competitive market and etc. Overall, the results of this study indicate that strategic entrepreneurship and its components can play a very important role in meeting the goals and improving the performance of any organization, particularly in terms of financial and financial performance, in addition to the aforementioned factors. according to the results, managers of western sports clubs have more emphasis on improving the impact of strategic entrepreneurship and competitive advantage in the organization to increase their business performance.Keywords: Strategic Entrepreneurship, Competitive Advantage, Business Performance, Sports Club, West Country.

The study of objective and subjective variables of overtraining in female soccer players during the soccer premier league

AbstractResearch Aim: In old ages, erosivechanges occure in the body that causes disturbancesin the motor andcognitive process such as balance, reaction time and also quality of life onthem. This research aimed to examine the effect of 8 weeks core stability andcore stability_mindfulness on static and dynamic balance, reaction time andquality of life on elderly inactive women in care centers in Kermanshah city.Research method:   In this study, 30inactived elderly women from one of the elderly care centers of Kermanshah citywere selected randomly, and divided in to 3 groups, contains experimental group1, with core stability-mindfulness exercise, experimental group 2, with corestability,and control, that continued their usual daily activities during the researchperiod. In the first session, pre-tests were conducted. For the static balance test,the Romberg test, for dynamic balance, berg balance test, for reaction time,Lafayette Multi SelectorReaction Time Device, Model 63035 and for quality of life, Quality of lifequestionnaire SF-36 was used. Then experimental group 1 and 2, for 8 weeks and3 weekly sessions each 45 minutes, received their special exercises. Corestability exexrcises were based on Jeffrey's practice protocol, and mindfulnessexercises involving teaching mindfulness-based techniques. After the end of thetraining, post-tests were performed, by using the same procedure as thepre-tests.Findings: After ensuring thenormal distribution of data using the K-S test, the result of intra-groupcomparison with paired t-test showed that performance of the experimental group1 and 2 in static and dynamic balance and simple reaction time variables havebeen significantly improved (p<0/05), and thedifference between groups was significant in comparison between groups usingone way ANOVA test (p<0/05). The results ofscheffe post hoc test showed that the experimental group 1 compared to thecontrol group had a significant different in static and dynamic balancevariables (p<0/05). But there was nosignificant difference between the other groups. In the case of simple reactiontime, there was no difference between groups. In selective reaction time andquality of life, the results of in-group comparison showed that only theperformance of experimental group 1 was significantly improved form pre-test topost-test (p<0/05). In selectivereaction time variable comparison between groups showed that the difference betweengroups was not significant. But this difference was significant in the qualityof life variable (p<0/05), The results ofscheffe post hoc test showed that the performance of the experimental group 1was significantly different from the control group in the mentioned variable (p<0/05), but there was no significant difference betweenthe other groups.Conclusion:   The pattern of the resultsshows that combines physical exercises such as core stability with mindfulnessexercises, while reducing the psychological and physical stress of physicalexercises can be beneficial for physical and cognitive processes such as balanceand reaction time, and also quality of life for elderly people.  Keywords: core stability, mindfulness, static balance, dynamicbalance, reaction time, quality of life, aging.  

  AbstractThepurpose of this research was to determine the effect of adapted play trainingon adaptive behavior and motor development of educable mentally disabledstudent. The statistical populationof this study included all students with mental disability in preschool andstudents in grades 1, 2, 3. The sample included 80 students (40 boys and 40girls) who were randomly selected from 2 schools in harsin city. Then they weredivide into 2 groups: the experimental and control groups. The materials usedin this research were: Vineland Social Maturity Scale and Oseretsky Test ofMotor Proficiency. A pretest administered to both the experimental and controlgroups. Then adapted play employed on experimental group. A post test wasadministered to both groups at the end of the training. The results showed thatthere was significant difference between the mean scores of   Vineland social maturity scale   and Oseretsky test of motor proficiency inthe experimental and the control group in the post test (p<0.01). Also, theresults showed that between two groups (girls and boys) wasn't significantdifference between the mean scores of Vineland social maturity scale andOseretsky test of motor proficiency in the experimental and the control groupin the post test. Finding showed that the adapted play could increase adaptivebehavior and motor development in educable mentally disable students(p<0.01).  Keywords: Adapted play, adaptedbehavior, mentally disabled  

  Abstract Background and aims: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is caused by increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. On the other hand, irisin is a new myokine that exerts its positive effects via increasing energy expenditure. However, irisin response to resistance exercise and its related training variables has been less discussed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different rest interval between sets of resistance exercise on serum irisin and blood lactate levels in obese male children. Materials and methods: Twelve obese male children (13.41±1.08 years) participated in the study. On 3 separate sessions of a resistance exercise protocol; subjects were assigned in a random a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds, or 120 seconds between sets. The RE session consisted of 4 sets of chest press to failure using 60% of 1 repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise at each session. Statistical tests of paired t, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for data analysis.Results: A significant increase was observed in the serum irisin and blood lactate immediately after three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05); Also, there was significant difference in study variables in three resistance exercise protocol (P<0.05). Based on Turkey’s follow-up test increased serum irisin concentration and lactate at rest intervals of 60 seconds were significantly higher than rest intervals of 120 and 240 seconds; also, the increase of serum irisin concentration and lactate rest intervals of 120 seconds was significantly higher than of 240 seconds. The results of this study showed that, there was positive and significant correlation between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 60 seconds, 120 seconds (P? 0.05); while there was no significant difference between lactate and irisin in resistance exercise a rest interval of 240 seconds.Conclusion: These results suggest that the resistance exercise with low resting interval compared to resistance training with high resting interval can increase the levels of irisin in in obese male children. Also, due to the existence of significant positive correlation between serum irisin and blood lactate, high lactate accumulation may be one of the possible mechanisms increased release irisin the result of resistance exercises with low resting interval.Keywords: Obesity, Irisin, Lactate, Resistance Training, Different rest interval

  One of the factors influencing learning and performing motor skills is attention and focusing it is a way to increase productivity and learning. One of the competitive conditions that can have an impact on the performance of the athlete is the presence of the spectator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the internal, external, and self-regulating attention on the dribble performance (speed and accuracy) of the Mamolan city’s futsalists. The research population is composed of 14-17 year-old expert futsalists from the Mamolan city. 32 futsalists of the mentiond population were selected as the research sample by available method. The Futsal Dribble Skill Test was taken into consideration from all individuals in different situations. The scores of accuracy and speed of athletes performance were enterd and analysed in    version 22 software. To assess the distribution of scores and descriptive statistics, Shapiro Wilk test, mean and standard deviation were used. Considering the significance of Shapiro Wilk test, non-parametric Wilcoxon and Friedman tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The results of this study showed that internal and self-regulated attention does not affect performance of dribbling accuracy and speed of athletes (p> 0.05). However, external attention showed a significant effect on the accuracy and speed performance of athlete dribbling (p <0.05). Also, the comparison of the differential effects of attentional focus showed that there was a significant difference between the accuracy and speed performance in the attentional focus of internal, external and self-regulating. According to the results, it can be argued that the focus of attention on performance is influenced by the presence of the spectator and should be considered as an important variable.

چاقي و اضافه‌وزن به همراه اختلالات ليپيدي و متابوليكي مرتبط با آن، يكي از نگراني‌هاي بسيار مهم در جهان امروز است. اخيرا تمرينات تناوبي پرشدت (HIIT) براي كاهش وزن بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراين هدف ما بررسي و مقايسه اثر حاد يك جلسه تمرين تناوبي پرشدت و تمرين هوازي بر نيمرخ چربي دختران داراي اضافه وزن است. به اين منظور ?? دختر جوان داراي اضافه وزن به روش نمونه­گيري غير­تصادفي در دسترس انتخاب شدند و همه آزمودني­ها در هر دو نوع تمرين شركت كردند. قبل از شروع آزمون، اندازه‌گيري‌هاي شاخص‌هايي از قبيل قد، وزن و شاخص توده بدن (BMI) انجام شد. تمرينات به صورت تك جلسه­اي انجام شد كه شامل يك جلسه تمرين HIIT و يك جلسه تمرين هوازي بود. براي اجراي پروتكل تمريني HIIT از ? تكرار ?? ثانيه‌اي آزمون وينگيت استفاده شد، به اين صورت كه آزمودني‌ها ?? دقيقه گرم كردن را بدون بار   انجام دادند، سپس به مدت ? دقيقه با سرعت ?? دور در دقيقه ركاب زدند و در نهايت ?? ثانيه با نهايت سرعت ركاب زدند. براي انجام تمرين هوازي آزمودني­ها بعد از ?? دقيقه گرم كردن، به مدت ?? دقيقه با شدت ?? درصد ضربان قلب حداكثر بر روي تردميل دويدند. نمونه­هاي خوني بلافاصله قبل و بعد از هر جلسه تمرين از وريد سفاليك آزمودني­ها در حالت ناشتا براي اندازه‌گيري سطوح نيمرخ چربي جمع آوري گرديد. سطوح نيمرخ چربي بعد از تمرينات HIIT بدون تغيير بود. با اين حال بعد از تمرين هوازي افزايش معنادار سطح HDL مشاهده شد. همچنين مقايسه نتايج دو جلسه تمريني نشان داد كه در تمرين HIIT سطوح كلسترول تام و LDL كاهش بيشتري داشت. به طور كلي تمرين هوازي را مي‌توان به عنوان روشي موثر براي بهبود سطوح نيمرخ چربي در نظر گرفت. همچنين مي‌توان از تمرين HIIT براي اين منظور و به عنوان روشي نوين و مفرح براي بهبود سطوح چربي خون بهره گرفت.

  Review:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of cognitive integration - move on some cognitive factors, balance and quality of life of older women is the city of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 30 elderly women with an average age of 54/6 ± 15/69 years through Wechsler scale software WMS-III, and focused attention from software Selectiv & Divaided attention version of Al-use design. Also stork stand test, to evaluate static balance and tug testing to assess the balance was Pvyaastfadh. they did. component focused attention has increased significantly compared to the control group (103/0 = (p. However, other results showed that cognitive exercises integration - movement has a significant effect in improving working memory (001 / p =), static balance ( 001 / 0p =), dynamic (000/0 (p = and quality of life  ) 000/0 (p = compared to the control group and the control group was not significant in any of the components level.  Key words: aging, static balance, dynamic, focused attention, working memory, quality of life

  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of cognitive integration -move on lipid profile and some physical fitness in elderly women Faktvhay city of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 30 subjects elderly women with an average age of 54/6 ± 15/69 years through volunteers were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental, and after blood sampling, test stand stork, test (go and back) tug , Wales and sit in order to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, flexibility and hamstring muscles of the back, leg muscle strength and the use of hand-held dynamometer was used to measure muscle strength. The control group without any interference to their own daily routine and Group Exercise 8 week training protocol integrated cognitive exercises - rally. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to ensure normal distribution of data using independent t-test and t Shd.zmvn To examine the differences within and among the training group were employed. Intra-group analysis showed that triglyceride and LDL component of the training group and power, compared to the control group showed no significant difference, however, reduce cholesterol, increase HDL, increase in static balance, dynamic balance, increase flexibility and increase leg muscle strength compared to the control group was statistically significant. Based on the results obtained from this study is integrated motion exercises significant influence Drklstrvl, HDL, static balance, dynamic balance, flexibility and strength of the lower extremities (legs) in the city of Kermanshah were elderly women.