Abstract Background: Mental health is one of the main dimensions of health and a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, which has a decisive impact on the quality of individual and social life. However, the increasing prevalence of mental disorders, especially in developing societies and among women, has doubled the need to design effective and accessible interventions. Physical activity, including resistance training, as a well-known non-pharmacological method, plays a significant role in improving indicators such as quality of life, anxiety, self-confidence, and body image. In addition to exercise, new technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) also help improve psychological functions by inducing lasting neural changes. Previous research shows that the combination of these two methods can produce powerful synergistic effects; however, most previous research has examined the combination of tDCS and aerobic exercise, and fewer studies have focused on the simultaneous effects of resistance training and tDCS. Also, most of these studies have been conducted on men and there is insufficient evidence for women. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of four weeks of resistance training combined with tDCS on various dimensions of mental health in young women. Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-sectional design. 24 female subjects with no history of exercise training participated in this study. After the groups were determined, all participants attended a briefing session, and in the same session, one repetition maximum was measured using an estimated method based on the guidelines provided for estimating one repetition maximum. One week after the briefing session, pre-test measurements were taken 4 days before the start of the first training session. After completing the measurements in the pre-test phase, the "anodal + training" group performed a resistance training program for 4 weeks along with receiving non-invasive anodal brain stimulation after each resistance training session. The "sham + exercise" group had the same routine as the first group for 4 weeks, but instead of receiving anodal stimulation, they received sham stimulation. 48 hours after the end of the last exercise session, post-test measurements were performed with a similar procedure to the pre-test. Considering the number of questionnaires used in this study and in order to prevent the process of completing the questionnaires from being boring, a 4-day period was considered before and after the intervention, and an attempt was made to present and complete 2 questionnaires to the participants each day, separately in the morning and afternoon. The mean values ??of the research variables were used in statistical analysis, and parametric statistical methods such as independent t-test, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in both anodal + exercise groups (p = 0.011) and sham + exercise (p = 0.033) decreased immediately after the intervention, but in the anodal stimulation group, this decrease remained stable in the four-week follow-up period (p = 0.008), while in the sham group, the level of anxiety increased again in the follow-up period (p = 0.014). In other variables including quality of life, mental health, sleep quality, body image dimensions, self-confidence and cognitive flexibility, the main effect of time was significant and a significant improvement was observed compared to before the intervention (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the self-concept variable, neither the group nor the time effect was significant.

  ackground: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that is accompanied by progressive joint destruction, persistent systemic inflammation, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Factors like interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) play a central role in its pathogenesis. Exercise is recommended as a complementary therapy, but the acute inflammatory and neurophysiological response to a single session of aerobic activity and the difference of responses in hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study for the first time examined the effect of a single 30-minute session of moderate-intensity aerobic activity under normobaric hypoxia (13% oxygen, equivalent to an altitude of about 3800 meters) and normoxia on inflammatory indices and neurophysiological responses of these patients.Methods: This study was conducted in a controlled crossover design with counterbalanced order. After preliminary examinations, 16 men aged 30–64 years with rheumatoid arthritis living in Kermanshah voluntarily participated in this study. Before the main sessions, participants attended a familiarization session with the procedure. In this session, after full explanations about the procedure, possible benefits and harms, written consent was obtained. Then, participants were randomly assigned to two separate sessions (hypoxia and normoxia) with a one-week interval. In each session, after 30 minutes of rest in hypoxic or normoxic conditions, participants performed a 30-minute aerobic activity on a cycle ergometer at 65–75% of maximum heart rate under the same condition. In each session, blood sampling was performed before and after aerobic activity to measure IL-6, CRP, and ESR. Also, pain index, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO?) during aerobic activity; as well as sleep quality (Groningen questionnaire) and well-being (WBQ) on the night after aerobic activity were assessed. Normal distribution of data was checked with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and depending on the result, paired t-test (RPE, HR, SpO?, pain index, WBQ well-being score) or Wilcoxon test (IL-6, CRP, ESR, sleep quality) was used.Findings: The results of the present study showed that IL-6 decreased significantly after exercise in normoxic condition (p = 0.011), but did not change significantly under hypoxia. Also, ESR decreased significantly in both hypoxia and normoxia (respectively: p = 0.026, p = 0.043). SpO? during exercise was significantly lower in hypoxia (p < 0.001), and rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p = 0.019). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between hypoxia and normoxia for CRP, heart rate, pain, sleep quality, and well-being questionnaire scores.Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in men with rheumatoid arthritis is safe in terms of pain sensation, sleep quality, and well-being, both in normoxia and hypoxia, and men with rheumatoid arthritis can benefit from the advantages of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. However, aerobic exercise under hypoxia should be performed with caution and under supervision, because it may reduce part of the anti-inflammatory responses and increase physiological and perceptual load.Keywords: Normobaric hypoxia; Simulated altitude; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; C-reactive protein; Well-being; Sleep quality

چكيده زمينه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير هشت هفته تمرينات تناوبي با شدت بالا بر برخي شاخص­هاي التهابي در زنان مبتلا به بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي اجرا شد. روش‌شناسي: در اين مطالعه 26 زن داراي كبد چرب غير الكلي شركت كردند.آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي به دو گروه مساوي 13 نفره ،كنترل و تمرين تقسيم شدند.برنامه گروه تمريني به صورت دويدن تناوبي به مدت30 ثانيه با شدت100درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه و30 ثانيه بازيافت فعال با50 درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه (4 نوبت،4دور و 5دقيقه بازيافت غير فعال بين هر دور)بود. اين برنامه تا هفته هشتم به 110 درصد (6 دور و 6 نوبت )افزايش يافت ، سه جلسه در هر هفته و طي هشت هفته اجرا شد. در ابتدا و انتهاي تمرين ميزان سطوح سرمي آنزيم­هاي كبدي، نيمرخ ليپيدي ،قند خون، انسولين، سيتوكين­هاي التهابي­، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، شاخص‌‌هاي تركيب بدن و VO?max،CRP ،هورمون كورتيزول در خون ارزيابي شد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها از روش آماري آنواي دوراهه با اندازه‌‌گيري مكرر و نرم افزار    با سطح معناداري 0.05 >    جهت تعيين تفاوت ها استفاده شد. يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق نشان داد   تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا در زنان مبتلا به كبد چرب غير الكلي منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن ،كورتيزل ، IL-6، CRP،   ALT،AST،TC، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، ،LDL شد. نشان داد تمرين HIIT منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن، BMI، گلوكز ناشتا، انسولين، HOMA-IR، CRP، IL-6، ALT، AST، TC و كورتيزول شد(0.05 >    ). همچنين، بهبود معناداري در VO?max و نسبت دور كمر به لگن مشاهده شد(0.05 >    )، اما تغييرات در HDL، TG و ALP بين گروه‌ها معنادار نبود(0.05 <    ). نتيجه‌گيري: اين نتايج پيشنهاد مي‌كنند كه تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا با كاهش عوامل خطر مرتبط با سندرم متابوليك و التهاب، مي‌تواند روشي موثرو كم‌هزينه در بهبود و كنترل پيشرفت بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي محسوب شود. اين يافته‌ها مي‌توانند مبنايي براي تدوين برنامه‌هاي ورزشي درمان‌محور در حوزه سلامت زنان باشند. كليدواژه‌ها: تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا، كبد چرب غيرالكلي، كورتيزول،اينترلوكين6، CRP، نيمرخ ليپيدي،آنزيم كبدي.   

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of social networks in sports business innovation (the case study was sports clubs in Kermanshah). The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, and managers) in the field of sports businesses. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The grounded data theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the role of social networks in sports business innovation includes: innovative marketing and branding, easy communication with the club, increasing customer loyalty, attracting capital, crisis management in the club, producing attractive multimedia content, innovation in designing and providing sports services, and generating income through cyberspace. These categories themselves include 18 concepts and 71 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that club managers should seriously benefit from analyzing social network data so that they can accurately identify the interests, needs, and behaviors of their audiences and provide services tailored to their needs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of social networks in sports business innovation (the case study was sports clubs in Kermanshah). The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, and managers) in the field of sports businesses. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The grounded data theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the role of social networks in sports business innovation includes: innovative marketing and branding, easy communication with the club, increasing customer loyalty, attracting capital, crisis management in the club, producing attractive multimedia content, innovation in designing and providing sports services, and generating income through cyberspace. These categories themselves include 18 concepts and 71 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that club managers should seriously benefit from analyzing social network data so that they can accurately identify the interests, needs, and behaviors of their audiences and provide services tailored to their needs.   

   Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and could gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol. Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and can gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol.

   پيـش­زميـنه و اهداف: اضافه وزن و چاقي از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز طيف گسترده­اي از بيماري‌‌ها هستند. از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز اضافه وزن و چاقي مي­توان به ولع مصرف غذا، رفتارهاي تكانشي و تصميم­هاي با ريسك­ بالا در انتخاب و مصرف مواد غذايي اشاره نمود. از اين رو، استفاده از استراتژي­هاي موثر در كاهش ولع مصرف غذا و افزايش كنترل و مهار دروني همواره مورد توجه بوده است. نتايج تحقيقات متعدد آثار مثبت فعاليت بدني منظم را در كاهش ولع مصرف و افزايش مهار دروني نشان داده است. با اين حال، تاكنون پژوهشي در خصوص بررسي آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق انجام نشده است. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.    روش تحقيـق: بدين منظور، تعداد 15 زن داراي اضافه وزن و چاق كه داراي ولع مصرف غذا نيز بودند به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. آزمودني­ها به­صورت انتساب تصادفي در سه گروه مداخله شامل 1) تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط؛ 2) تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و 3) كنترل تقسيم­بندي شدند. در يك جلسه توجيهي، ويژگي­هاي آنتروپومتريك آزمودني­ها اندازه­گيري شد و آزمودني­ها با چگونگي انجام تمرينات هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا آشنا شدند. پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي و آشنايي آزمودني­ها با كليه مراحل پژوهش، آزمودني­ها در سه جلسه مجزا با فاصله 7 روز بين هر جلسه در محل اجراي پژوهش حضور يافتند   و در اين سه جلسه به صورت موازنه متقابل در معرض سه شرايط مختلف تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط، تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و گروه كنترل قرار گرفتند. در هر سه شرايط مراحل اجراي پژوهش يكسان بود. گروه كنترل در تمام اين مدت روال عادي زندگي را داشت و هيچ نوع مداخله­اي را دريافت ننمود. ولع مصرف غذا، ميزان اشتها، ترجيح غذايي، تكانشگري، تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير و انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط مشابه اندازه­گيري شدند. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت معني­داري در ولع مصرف غذا در پرسشنامه 15 سوالي بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. مقياس آنالوگ بصري ولع مصرف غذا   (مقياس بصري 12 سوالي) در شرايط تمرين هوازي و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. همچنين، 24 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ولع مصرف غذا در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود.متغير ميزان اشتها نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان اشتها   بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. اما درمورد ترجيح غذايي نتايج نشان داد كه پس از اتمام مداخلات، ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكلي معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. در مورد متغير تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير نيز نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. با اين وجود متغير انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي در شرايط تمرين هوازي به شكلي معني­داري بالاتر از شرايط كنترل بود.    نتيـجه­گيـري: با توجه به نتايج پژوهش حاضر مي­توان چنين نتيجه­گيري نمود كه تمرينات هوازي و تناوبي اثر مثبتي بر ولع مصرف غذا دارند. همچنين تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا اثر معناداري بر ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) دارد و تمرين هوازي نيز اثر مثبتي بر انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي دارد.چنين نتايجي به لحاظ كاربردي بسيار حائز اهميت مي‌باشد، گرچه لازم به ذكر است كه انجام مطالعات بيشتر جهت تاييد اين پروتكل و مكانيسم‌هاي دخيل در آن ضرورت دارد.    كلمات كليدي: تمرين هوازي، تمرين مقاومتي، ولع مصرف غذا، تكانشگري، تصميم­گيري ريسك پذير، چاقي و اضافه   و ترجيح غذايي.

   Abstract:    Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and taurine supplementation on endurance capacity and selected antioxidant, oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and sensitivity in male rats. Methodology:

   Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems of the new era among young smartphone users worldwide. Portability leads to a wide variety of postures during different activities of the day. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the time of mobile phone use and body posture during use among male students of Razi University. It is hypothesized that body postures vary depending on the time of day; therefore, musculoskeletal disorders may also vary. Methods: The present study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 351 male students at Razi University with a mean age of (24/26±3/83) years, mean height of (1/79±0/06) cm, and mean weight of (77/82±10/95) kg. Four time periods of the day, namely morning, afternoon, evening and night, and a >Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, different times of using a mobile phone during the day and body position have an effect on the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in male students and can increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.    Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, mobile phones, Razi University students, usage time, ergonomic assessment.

Background and objective: Improvements in adipocytes levels can reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, indicating adipocytes to be a hopeful remedial target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related diseases. However, there is no consensus on the role of various exercise training on adipokines in T2DM and the results are contradictory. Therefore, this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression investigated the effects of different types of exercise training on some adipokines concentrations in T2DM.   Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to September 2024. Resistin ,Apelin,Visfatin and Vaspin were included   to investigate the effects of   exercise training in this study . Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird method) to calculate weighted means differences with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Analysis of 37 studies (52 intervention arms, n = 1811) demonstrated that exercise training significantly decreased resistin (MD: -1.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.57, p=0.0001) and visfatin (MD: -0.70 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.32, p =0.0002) levels but has no significant effect on Apelin (MD 0.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08, p =0.55)and Vaspin (MD: 0.00 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.0 to 0.0, p =0.69) levels compared to control in T2DM. Slightly stronger effects were observed in aerobic, combined and resistance training in men and mor than 8weeks of intervention. Meta- regression analysis also showed that there is a significant linear relation between resistin and BMI changes. Conclusions: Overall, exercise training decreased inflammatory indices with a positive supplementary effect for T2DM patient. Keywords: Exercise training, Adipokines, Insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes.   

مقدمه: توسعه و محبوبيت رشته ورزشي واليبال در ميان اقشار جامعه به خصوص جوانان در چند سال اخير كه با تغييرات گسترده در قوانين مسابقه و روش تمرين همراه بوده، انجام مطالعات علمي به منظور بررسي ابعاد روانشناختي و ادراكي شخصيت ورزشكاران و عواملي نظير كيفيت زندگي و يا خودپندار? كه از مهم‌ترين عوامل متأثر از ورزش و فعاليت بدني بوده و مي‌تواند بر عملكرد بهينه ورزشكاران تأثيرگذار باشند و هم‌چنين وضعيت و ميزان آگاهي ورزشكاران از دانش تغذيه‌اي را به موضوعي مهم و ضروري مبدل ساخته است. از اين رو پژوهش حاضر به منظور آگاهي از سلامت عمومي ورزشكاران كه مي‌تواند به شناخت بهتر از شرايط جسمي، رواني و شناختي اين ورزشكاران كمك نمايد، بسيار حائز اهميت است.روش تحقيق: به‌منظور اجراي اين تحقيق، پس از گزينش آزمودني‌ها بر مبناي شاخص‌هاي ورود و منع ورود به تحقيق، پرسشنامه‌هاي كيفيت زندگي، خودپنداره و دانش تغذيه‌اي توسط آنان تكميل شد. ميانگين مقادير به دست آمده در متغيرهاي پژوهش با مقادير نرمال مقايسه شد.يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق حاضر نشان داد كه ميانگين مقادير كيفيت زندگي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) بيشتر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. اما اين تفاوت، معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير خود‌پنداره در مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام (??/??±??/??) پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??/??) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود اما اين تفاوت نيز معني‌دار نبود. ميانگين مقادير دانش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) در نظر گرفته شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير نگرش تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (??) تعيين شده براي اين متغير بود. ميانگين مقادير عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در ورزشكاران واليباليست شهر ايلام (?/??±?/??) به شكل معني‌داري پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار (?) مشخص شده براي اين متغير بود (?/???p).نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج تحقيق حاضر حاكي از آن بود كه مردان واليباليست شهر ايلام در شاخص‌هاي خودپنداره و نيز كيفيت زندگي در وضعيت مطلوبي قرار دارند در حاليكه داراي سطح دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي بسيار پايين‌تر از مقدار معيار بودند. گرچه عوامل متعددي در كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره نقش دارند، اما شايد بتوان كيفيت زندگي و خودپنداره مطلوب در پژوهش حاضر را به آثار مثبت جسماني و رواني رشته واليبال نيز نسبت داد. اين امر لزوم توجه به توسعه كمي و كيفي اين رشته را نمايان مي‌سازد. از سوي ديگر، بر مبناي نتايج پژوهش حاضر و اهميت دانش، نگرش و عملكرد تغذيه‌اي در سلامت شخصي و حرفه‌اي ورزشكاران، ضرورت دارد اقداماتي در راستاي بهبود اين شاخص‌هاي در واليباليست‌هاي شهر ايلام انجام پذيرد.

   Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of resistance training (ReT) and vitamin E supplementation (VES) on the serum levels of aminotransferases, C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRP2 and CTRP9), insulin resistance and sensitivity, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in men with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methodology: 40 patients with NAFLD (mean age 32.4 ± 8.2 years) participated in this 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. The subjects were assigned randomly into four groups (n=10) including PLB, VES, ReT + PLB, and ReT + VES. Vitamin E was consumed for a daily dose of 800 IU. ReT consisted of eight movements for the upper and lower body, with a frequency of three non-consecutive days per week, in three sets with an intensity of 60–85% of one repetition maximum (1RM), for 8–12 repetitions and 1-3 minute rest between each set. Also, the subjects received nutritional counseling. Anthropometric components, aminotransferase enzymes, lipid profile, AIP, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and sensitivity, white blood cells (WBCs) count, CTRP2, CTRP9, and 1RM were measured before and after the intervention. The normality of the data and the homogeneity of variance were confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levin tests, respectively. The within-group and between-group differences were analysed by paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test, respectively. The statistical analyses were conducted using    version 26 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Following the intervention, there was an improvment in the anthropometric components, lipid profile, AIP, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and 1RM in the ReT + PLB and ReT + VES groups, as compared to the pre-test and VES and PLB groups (p>0.05). The levels of aminotransferase enzymes in the VES, ReT + PLB, and ReT + VES groups were decreased compared to the pre-test and the PLB group (p>0.05); However, ReT + VES resulted in the highest reduction (p ? 0.01). The count of WBCs in the ReT + VES group decreased compared to the pre-test and the PLB group (p>0.05). The serum levels of CTRP2 and CTRP9 proteins also decreased in the ReT + PLB and ReT + VES groups compared to the pre-test and the VES and PLB groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions, including exercise and diet, resulted in positive changes in anthropometric indices, aminotransferase enzymes, lipid profile, AIP, insulin resistance and sensitivity, and strength. Vitamin E supplementation only lowered liver enzymes. However, the combination of ReT and VES caused the highest improvement in the liver enzymes and inflammatory status. Also, improving body composition led to a significant decrease in CTRP2 and CTRP9. Keywords: Resistance Training; Vitamin E; Insulin; Atherogenic Index of Plasma; CTR   NAFLD.

       Introduction : Abstract   Many studies have shown that exercise training is recognized as a strategy to treat PCOS patients. However, there is still no comprehensive data on the type, intensity and duration of exercises for these patients.The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on inflammatory factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: In this study, 28 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (age 18-40 years, weight 80.08±9.25 kg, height 162.4±10.6 cm) participated and were randomly assigned to two exercise groups (14people) and control (14people) were divided. The training group performed three sessions a week for eight weeks of a high-intensity interval training program, including interval running for 30 seconds with an intensity of 100% maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), 30 seconds of active recovery with 50% aerobic velocity, which In the following weeks, the number of sets and the intensity of training were added. From the beeper test to measure VO2max and taking blood samples from the subjects' brachial veins before and after the exercises in order to measure the inflammatory factors HS-CRP, homocysteine, cortisol, fat profile, HDL, LDL, TG , the amount of insulin and insulin resistance HOMA-IR and testosterone were used, and body composition factors were measured with a specific method. The statistical method of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement with a significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine the differences.   Findings: The findings showed that HIIT training reduces body composition weight, fat percentage, WHR, visceral fat, insulin, insulin resistance, LDL, cholesterol, testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.05). HIIT training also increases aerobic performance and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05), but there were no significant changes in the serum levels of Hs-CRP, homocysteine, glucose, HDL, triglyceride, visceral fat index, and plasma atherogenic index (P >0.05) and the control group were unchanged or no significant change was observed (P?0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows that eight weeks of high-intensity interval training has beneficial effects on anthropometry, aerobic performance, insulin resistance and sensitivity, fat profile, and inflammatory and cardiovascular indices in PCOS patients. HIIT training intensity (100-110 MAV) seems to be a determining factor in creating optimal adaptation in PCOS patients. Keywords: inflammation, cortisol, high-intensity interval training, homocysteine, polycystic ovary syndrome

Customer satisfaction and loyalty has always been one of the most important parts of sports consumer behavior and efforts in the field of consumer management try to provide these two characteristics of customers. With the complexity of the existing market and current changes such as quarantine conditions, successful clubs will be able to provide the best conditions in any field of service and welfare. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of determining the effect of organizational rapid response capabilities on customer loyalty and customer satisfaction of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. The statistical population included all customers of sports complexes in Kermanshah province. Sampling and its volume based on the maximum magnification index and the opinion of structural equation experts, 200 were considered. According to the conditions of coronary care, the researcher designed the questionnaire online and asked the club managers to provide the answer link to the customers of the clubs. 350 questionnaires were visited and finally 210 complete and flawless questionnaires were entered into the analysis. Individuals completed a sample questionnaire that included 4 sections (personal information, loyalty questionnaire (? = 0.92), organizational FRO (? = 0.94) and customer satisfaction (? = 0.94)). The level of significance in this study was considered equal to 0.05. The research design was performed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and exploratory factor analysis and all questionnaires were approved in terms of reliability and validity. Data analysis was performed using    software and Amos version 16. The statistical index of each section of the questionnaire showed that the present questionnaire is suitable for measuring the mentioned variables. In this study, the mean age of these people was 33.60 59 5.59, of which 70 were women and 130 were men. The bachelor's degree had a higher frequency of 48%, with most of them having been in sports clubs for more than two years (40%). Data analysis using Emos software indicated the fit of research models. Path coefficient studies showed the confirmation of research hypotheses in the sense that the organizational responsiveness (FRO) variable has been able to improve customer satisfaction (? = 0.52) and loyalty (? = 0.88) and its dimensions (loyalty). Cognitive (? = 0.81), emotional loyalty (? = 0.66) and voluntary loyalty (? = 0.78) are effective. These results showed that the managers of sports complexes in Kermanshah province, if they want to have loyal and satisfied customers, can use the factor to provide a quick response capability. Key words: Marketing, FRO model, Loyalty, Customer, Fitness club, Structural equations   

  Investigating the effect of Extended Technology Acceptance Model developed on the use of online education during the covid-19 in Physical Education students

  the effect of interaction in instagram on profssional athlees brandimage with the moderator role of the variables relationship quality,authenticity and atteachment

Objective: One of the most important current issues in the field of sports science, which is considered by athletes and coaches, is the quality of performance of sports skills and having the necessary preparation for consecutive participation in future competitions. Fatigue is one of the main problems in proper performance of sports activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of active recovery methods (immersion in cold water and foam roller) on performance and muscle injury indices in young footballers after football-like play.  

 Develop and update of physical fitness norm on women in Kermanshah city

  Abstract: Aim of study: human`s health is mostly related to the condition of physical fitness, and knowing the valid references for investigating about the levels of human`s physical fitness regarding the importance of physical fitness on keeping people`s health, assessment and measurement as well as awaring them of their physical conditions is one of the necessities of modern societies. This has been considering by the developed countries, but a comprehensive description about the condition of physical fitness has not been considered so far in our country, especially in Kermanshah; so, the aim of this study was to assess and investigate the male`s physical fitness of Kermanshah city aged 18-60 as well as providing and developing the norm. Method of research: The subjects were 200 males, aged of 18-60 in Kermanshah city that were selected based on the research standards. The variables of cardio-respiratory fitness, percentage of body fat, waist/hip ratio(WHR), flexibility, muscle strength of two hands, chest muscles endurance and abdominal muscles endurance were measured and registered based on the following, respectively: Rockport one mile walking test, measurement of waist and hip with tape measure, flexometer box, dynamometer, press- up and sit-up. I made use of   percentage points with a distance of 5% and mean, percentiles and changes in physical fitness factors based on the age groups were used to analyze the data and formulate the norms, too. Results: The findings of this study in population of Kermanshah males with the average age of 34/82±11/42 year old, height of 179/64±5/297 cm. and weight of 80/97±8/586 kg were as follow; the mean of BMI=26/12±4/016kg/m2, WHR: 0/927±0/25 , flexibility=29/43±5/03cm, muscle strength of the right hand=42/21±8/63 kg, muscle strength of the left hand: 36/02±7/75 kg, chest muscles endurance: 44/18±8/63 push-up, aerobic power=45/14±8/09 ml/kg.min, body fat percentage=23/28±3/42 percent, abdominal muscle endurance: 32/81±6/27 sit-up. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that because of the lack of any regular physical fitness program, the physical fitness factors were reduced with age increasing. The measured variables in ages 18-29 were descending in comparison with ages 40-49 and 50-60 in factors like aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands, endurance of chest and abdominal muscles. But there was not any differences between the variable of body fat percentage and WHR in categories of 18-29 and 30-39 regarding to the above-mentioned ages. Also, comparing the current norms and the data of other studies, Kermanshah males had better condition than the other cities and countries regarding the variables of aerobic power, flexibility, muscle strength of hands and chest muscle endurance, but they had rather similar conditio   in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, WHR and abdominal muscles endurance. Keywords: Physical fitness, cardio-respiratory fitness, VO2 max, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a concurrent resistance and cardio respiratory exercise training program of short duration on Salivary Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), Cortisol, quality of life (QOL), sleep quality, and fitness factors in women with breast cancer. 42 subjects were randomly assigned to either a training (n=21; age: 46.08±8.93 yrs) or control non-exercising group (n=21; age: 46.21±8.71 yrs). The training group followed an 8 weeks exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration, supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance and aerobic training. Salivary sampling was performed before and after the exercise protocol, and sleep quality and quality of life were assessed by the McGill's quality of life (MQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQL) questionnaire was measured. We found that the change in values of cortisol, sleep quality, quality of life, weight, body mass index, body fat, and Waistline was significant (P<0.05) an 8 weeks concurrent training can change them but the change in values of interleukin-12, and WHR was no significant (P>0.05). These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve quality of life, sleep quality,   fitness, maintain IL-12, and reduce cortisol in women with breast cancer.

  AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a concurrent resistance and cardio respiratory exercise training program of short duration on Salivary Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), Cortisol, quality of life (QOL), sleep quality, and fitness factors in women with breast cancer. 42 subjects were randomly assigned to either a training (n=21; age: 46.08±8.93 yrs) or control non-exercising group (n=21; age: 46.21±8.71 yrs). The training group followed an 8 weeks exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration, supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance and aerobic training. Salivary sampling was performed before and after the exercise protocol, and sleep quality and quality of life were assessed by the McGill's quality of life (MQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQL) questionnaire was measured. We found that the change in values of cortisol, sleep quality, quality of life, weight, body mass index, body fat, and Waistline was significant (P<0.05) an 8 weeks concurrent training can change them but the change in values of interleukin-12, and WHR was no significant (P>0.05). These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve quality of life, sleep quality,   fitness, maintain IL-12, and reduce cortisol in women with breast cancer.  

  The aim of this study is a comparison between the effects of two types of active recovery and cold water immersion on Hemolysis factors after one session practicing volleyball. This research has been done with a Quasi-experimental design and repeated measures of pre-test, post-test and follow up test. Ten women as volleyball player took part in this study (age 22.20± 3.39 years, weight 63.77 ± 8.11 kg, and High 165.10±7.09 cm). Practice protocol includes two sessions and every session took long 90 minutes practice with the interval of one week. Every session consisted of 30 minutes general and specialized warm up, 45 minutes practice of volleyball's techniques, and 15 minutes recovery. At the end of the first session, active and routine recoveries in volleyball field including jogging with tensional moves were applied. In addition, cold water immersion with 10 degrees centigrade shoulder-high was done at the end of the second session. Venous blood sampling with the aim of estimating the effect of practice in recoveries on hemolysis factors before practice, after practice, immediately after recovery, and 24 hours after recoveries, has been done from anti-cubital vein. Statistical analysis was run through Variance analysis with repeated measures and LSD test for comparing multiple pairwise for assessing averages difference with the level of confidence (p<./05). The results showed that after a volleyball training session with active and routine recovery, the measure of HGB, HCT, and RBC are decreased significantly after practice in compare to their levels before practice. Also, Bilirubin T, Bilirubin ind are increased significantly. However, 24 hours after practice in compare to immediately after practice, there was a significant decrease in Bilirubin T and a significant increase in MCV. Furthermore, comparison of hemolysis factors in recovery of cold water immersion indicated fewer modifications in compare to active recovery. What is important is the lack of meaningful difference in all factors. With respect to modifications made in factors, increasing Bilirubin, and controlling plasma volume, these findings can be a sing of hemolysis on a day after volleyball practice. Furthermore, based on statistical results, the types of recovery did not have any meaningful effect on hemolysis factors.

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  EFFECT   of linear and non linear resistance trainingperiodization on muscle strength in women with Multiple sclerosis(MS)