AbstractIntroduction: The most common and dangerous problem in patients with kneeosteoarthritis is impaired balance and postural control, especially during simultaneouscognitive tasks, which increases the risk of falls. The aim of the present study was toinvestigate the effects of cognitive loads on pain intensity, postural control, and gait patternfollowing six sessions of anodal tDCS stimulation of M1 and DLPFC.Methods: Fifty-four elderly women with knee osteoarthritis who met the inclusion criteriavolunteered to participate in the study; they were randomly assigned to the anodal-tDCSM1 stimulation group (18 people), the anodal-tDCS-DLPFC stimulation group (18 people),and the sham or control group (18 people). Before and immediately after the six sessionsof non-invasive stimulation, balance was assessed with the Tecnobody device, gait patternwith the PT-Scan device, pain with the VAS questionnaire, and cognitive function with theMOCA questionnaire. The interventions included six consecutive 20-minute sessions ofanodal tDCS stimulation of the M1 and DLPFC areas. In the pre-test and post-tests, whenevaluating the study outcomes, talking to the subject was considered as a low-difficultycognitive load, the auditory arithmetic task was considered as a moderate -difficultycognitive load and the serial arithmetic task was considered as a high-difficulty cognitiveload.Results: The results of the present study showed that six sessions of tDCS interventionapplied to both M1 and DLPFC areas significantly reduced pain intensity compared to thecontrol group, and there was no difference between the two interventions in this effect (P< 0.001). Also, the effect of M1 intervention on dynamic balance under high cognitive loadconditions was significantly better than DLPFC. In addition, regarding the plantar pressuredistribution symmetry index factor, the effect of M1 intervention on this index in highcognitive load conditions was significantly better than DLPFC. However, the effects of thestudy interventions on static balance under different levels of cognitive load did not showa significant difference in response to stimulation of different brain areas (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Considering the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the effect ofdirect transcranial anodal stimulation on dynamic balance and biomechanical indicators ofgait in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis depends on the stimulation area and the levelof cognitive load. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in some conditions,especially under high cognitive load, led to a relative improvement in heel strike symmetryand dynamic balance, while stimulation of the DLPFC did not show a significant effect.However, a definitive and consistent difference between the two regions was not observedin all conditions, but specific targeting of M1 may be more beneficial in cognitivelychallenging conditions.137Keywords: cognitive load, postural control, pain, knee osteoarthritis, transcranial directcurrent stimulation (tDCS), balance, gait patterning

   Introduction: Chronic pain can lead to cognitive impairments, and during dual-task activities, it can challenge the postural control of patients with chronic pain, placing them at risk of falls. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common age-related diseases, causing pain and inability to perform daily activities, and putting patients at risk of falls and their subsequent consequences due to reduced balance performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises on pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in women with knee OA. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with a pre-test/post-test design, 44 women with knee OA (mean age: 54.89 ± 7.78 years, mean height: 158.49 ± 12.6 cm, and mean weight: 65.78 ± 11.74 kg) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises (n=22) and conventional aquatic therapy (n=22). Interventions were administered for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Before and after the interventions, pain intensity was assessed using the VAS questionnaire, cognitive function with the MoCA questionnaire, static and dynamic balance with the Tecnobody device, and gait pattern with the PT-Scan device. The outcomes of static and dynamic balance and gait pattern were assessed in the pre-test and post-test phases under three conditions of cognitive load. Data analysis was performed using a mixed repeated-measures ANOVA test with    software version 27. Findings: The findings of the present study indicated that both interventions, aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy, led to significant improvements in pain intensity (P<0.001), cognitive function (P<0.001), static balance (P=0.003), dynamic balance (P<0.001), and gait pattern (P=0.004). Furthermore, based on inter-group comparisons, the mean pain intensity and cognitive function showed significant differences between the groups (P=0.004 and P<0.001, respectively). For dynamic balance, there was no difference between the groups except under moderate cognitive load (P<0.001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in static balance and gait pattern variables. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that both aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy are effective in improving pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in elderly women with knee OA. However, adding cognitive components to aquatic exercises can lead to greater improvements in pain intensity, cognitive function, and dynamic balance under low cognitive load. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the combination of cognitive and motor stimuli in an aquatic environment is a safe and effective rehabilitation intervention that can simultaneously improve the physical and cognitive health of patients with knee OA. Keywords:

   مقدمه:  استئوآرتريت زانو به عنوان يك بيماري تخريبي مفصلي شايع، با ايجاد درد و محدوديت حركتي، كيفيت زندگي سالمندان را به ويژه در زنان تحت تأثير قرار مي‌دهد. از آنجا كه فعاليت بدني نقش كليدي در مديريت اين عوارض ايفا مي‌كند، اين مطالعه به بررسي و مقايسه اثربخشي دو مداخله ورزشي متمايز، يعني پياده‌روي معمولي و پياده‌روي نورديك،   بر شاخص‌هايي چون درد، تعادل، عملكرد شناختي و ناتواني‌هاي مرتبط با استئوآرتريت زانو در زنان سالمند مي‌پردازد.

   Objective: ADHD is characterized by a combination of inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that physical activity in the form of play plays an important role in the pathophysiology and management of ADHD. In addition, considering the vital role of vitamin D in the proper functioning of the central nervous system and mental health, the use of this vitamin can improve the symptoms of these patients as a complementary therapy and an effective adjunct. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brain ball exercises on executive function in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research Method: For this purpose, 60 students with ADHD participated in this study based on the ADHD Rating Scale DSM-5 diagnostic questionnaire for parents and teachers and under the supervision of a psychologist and were randomly assigned to one of the control groups (15 people), the vitamin D group (15 people), the Brain ball group (15 people), and the vitamin D + Brain ball group (15 people). For evaluation, analysis of Go/No Go, Stroop Color-Word and N-Back tests was used before and after the intervention. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Normal distribution was examined with (Shapiro-Wilk test) and alignment with (Levene test). Differences between groups were determined using two-way analysis of variance. If significant, Bonforni post hoc test was used to find the location of the differences. Analyses were performed using    software and the significance level was determined as P ? 0.05. Findings: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises caused a significant decrease in the score and interference time in the Stroop Color-Word test. In the N-Back test, the number of correct responses increased significantly and the number of incorrect responses decreased significantly, but no significant difference was observed in the average response time. In the Go-No-Go test, the presentation error and omission error were significantly reduced and the inhibition score was significantly increased, but there was no significant effect on the average response time, and finally the ADHD level was significantly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises can improve executive function and ADHD level in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome.

   Introduction and Objective: Decreased motor and cognitive function is one of the main problems of the elderly. The use of exercise training can be suggested as an effective intervention program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive and psychomotor training on executive functions, fear of falling, cognitive indicators, and daily activities of elderly women in Kermanshah city. Methodology: The research method of the present study is a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all elderly women over 65 years of age in Kermanshah city. The statistical sample included 45 elderly women between the ages of 65 and 75 who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: cognitive, perceptual-motor, and control training. The Fall Efficacy Scale test was used to measure fear of falling, the Mahoney and Barthel (1965) Daily Activities Scale was used to measure the daily activities of the elderly, the Flostein Cognitive Status Assessment (1975) was used to measure cognitive index, and the Gerard Executive Function Questionnaire (2000) was used to measure executive function. For data analysis in the descriptive statistics section, the mean was used to calculate central tendencies and the standard deviation of the data was used to calculate dispersion tendencies. In the inferential statistics section, after ensuring the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the ANOVA test was used

  # Abstract ## Introduction and Objective Play is one of the methods to enhance physical activity in children. Utilizing innovative play techniques can be of great significance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Montessori games on physical literacy and executive functions of male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. ## Methodology The research method employed in this study is semi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test/post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. From this population, 50 participants (based on prior research) were randomly selected—25 for the experimental group and 25 for the control group. To measure physical literacy, the Canadian Physical Literacy Assessment-2 was used; working memory was assessed using the Reading Span Test; cognitive inhibition was measured with the Flanker Test; and cognitive flexibility was evaluated through the Stroop Test. After confirming the normal distribution of the data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-tests for inter-group and intra-group comparisons. ## Findings The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the two groups of students after receiving Montessori games in the variables of physical literacy, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the experimental group from the pre-test to the post-test in the mentioned variables. ## Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that educators, parents, and caregivers utilize Montessori games to enhance the physical literacy and executive functions of students. Keywords: Montessori play, physical literacy, executive function, students

چكيده مقدمه: بسياري از آسيب­هاي رباط صليبي قدامي (ACL[1]) در شرايط غيرتماسي و در مانورهايي چون كاتينگ[2]، چرخش يا فرود به دنبال يك پرش، رخ مي­دهند. خستگي نيز به‌عنوان يك عامل شناخته شده در كاهش ظرفيت توليد نيروي عضله، مي­تواند كنترل حركات را تغيير داده و فرد را در معرض آسيب‌هايي چون پارگي ACL قرار دهد. تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي (tDCS[3]) به‌عنوان روشي غيرتهاجمي در بهبود عملكردهاي عصبي - عضلاني مي‌تواند در مهار خستگي عصبي - عضلاني مؤثر واقع شود؛ بنابراين محققين در مطالعه حاضر به دنبال مقايسه اثرات تحريك آنودال نواحي قشر حركتي اوليه (M1[4]) و قشر پيش‌پيشاني جانبي (DLPFC[5]) بر حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از خستگي عصبي - عضلاني در زنان تمرين كرده بودند. روش­ها: در مطالعه نيمه‌تجربي حاضر، 45 ورزشكار زن تمرين كرده، با دارا بودن معيارهاي ورود به مطالعه، به‌صورت تصادفي ساده به سه گروه تحريكM1 ، DLPFC و sham (هر گروه 15 نفر) تخصيص داده شدند. پس از ارزيابي پيامدهاي مطالعه در پيش‌آزمون، پروتكل خستگي عصبي-عضلاني اعمال و با كاهش 20 درصدي ارتفاع پرش عمودي و كسب حداقل نمره 17 از مقياس Borg، مجدداً پيامدهاي مطالعه ارزيابي شدند. در ادامه، تحريك­هاي tDC   به مدت 5 روز متوالي با شدت ? ميلي‌آمپر و به‌مدت ?? اعمال شدند. پس از اتمام مداخلات، مجدداً قبل و پس از وقوع خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، پيامدهاي مطالعه بررسي شدند. پيامدهاي مطالعه شامل، حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا و پويا و عملكرد حركتي اندام تحتاني بودند؛ كه به ترتيب با قدرمطلق خطاي بازسازي زاويه و ابزار اينكلاينومتر، دستگاه تكنوبادي، تست­هاي جهش تك پا،   جهش لي سه‌گام، پرش لي 6 متر در زمان و پرش لي متقاطع اندازه‌گيري شدند. جهت مقايسه ميانگين هاي درون‌گروهي و بين‌گروهي از آنواي مختلط (بين-درون‌گروهي) با استفاده از نرم افزار   27 استفاده شد. يافته­ها: بين گروه‌ها از نظر تغييرات حس عمقي، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت آماري معناداري مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). اما نتايج تحليل درون‌گروهي نشان داد كه در گروه M1 برخي از شاخص‌ها از جمله حس عمقي و عملكرد حركتي بهبود نسبي يافت شد اما درDLPFC   و شم اين تأثير كمتر بود. نتيجه­گيري: يافته­هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تحريك tDCS طي پنج جلسه در شرايط خستگي، اثرات معناداري بر شاخص‌هاي عملكرد عصبي-عضلاني ندارد. پيشنهاد مي‌شود مطالعات آينده با افزايش مدت مداخله، استفاده از روش‌هاي تركيبي و بررسي اثرات ماندگار در پيگيري‌هاي بلندمدت انجام شود. كليد واژگان: تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي، خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، حس عمقي، تعادل، اندام تحتاني. [1] Anterior cruciate ligament [2] Cutting

  Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis causes disability in the simplest daily activities and fatigue in the lower extremities. Based on the findings of previous studies, non-invasive brain stimulation as a new therapeutic strategy has played a significant role in increasing the excitability of motor neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of closed motor chain training following seven consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) on pain, balance, and motor function in women with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 female patients with inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of the tDCS, tPCS, and control groups. The experimental group received real stimulation for 7 sessions and the control group received sham stimulation, then underwent closed motor chain training for 12 sessions (3 sessions per week) over a period of one month. Before and after the study interventions, pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), balance with the PT-Scan, knee joint proprioception with the inclinometer, quadriceps muscle electrical activity with the EMG, and motor function with the UGT and 40M tests were assessed by an evaluator. Findings:The findings of the present study, based on within-group comparison, showed that after five weeks of intervention, in all three groups of CKC exercises with tDCS stimulation, tPCS stimulation and the control group, the variables of static balance in the open eye state, knee proprioception, electrical activity and lower limb muscle strength had positive and significant improvements (p=0.001); and the results of the one-way ANOVA test in the between-group comparison of post-test data in these factors indicated a positive effect of the interventions on the aforementioned variables. However, there was no significant difference in the variables of pain intensity, fatigue, motor function (40-meter walk, going up and down stairs and UGT, WOMAC test), knee instability intensity, plantar pressure distribution and static balance in the closed eye state. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the closed motor chain training protocol and non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) both had a significant effect on the research variables. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, pain, fatigue, motor function, instability, proprioception, balance, closed-chain motor exercises, muscle electrical activity, tDCS, tPCS.

         Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis among people over 65 years of age, who usually experience pain and increased difficulty in daily functional activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of neuromuscular training in water and transcranial direct current (tDCS) movement on pain, function, physical instability, and quality of life in women with knee osteoarthritis with a hollowing feature. Materials and Methods: The present study, which is a clinical trial with parallel groups, double-blind, sham-controlled, and pretest-posttest design, was conducted. 40 patients with hollowing-feature knee osteoarthritis (mean age: 90.55 ± 9.35, height: 157.70 ± 4.80, weight: 78.55 ± 8.66, body mass index: 61.31 ± 2.21) were recruited as a statistical sample in existing companies. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the aquatic neuromuscular training group combined with transcranial direct current movement (r-tDCS) (n=20) and the aquatic neuromuscular training group with sham movement (sh-tDCS) (n=20). Both groups received aquatic neuromuscular training three sessions per week for six weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes, with the difference that subjects in the r-tDCS group demonstrated real movement and in the sh-tDCS group demonstrated sham movement. In the past, pain with visual analog speed, motor power test by 3-meter walk, 40-meter walk and time to climb and descend 8 standard stairs by stopwatch, performance with questionnaire (WOMAC), knee instability with Felson, target movement phobia with experimental error of inclinometer, quality of life with questionnaire Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Hip Quality of Life Questionnaire (OAKHQOL), plantar pressure with PT scan, power of force acting on the knee by hand dynamometer and lower limb kinematic evaluation using videos recorded by two cameras in two sagittal and frontal and frontal devices and analysis. After six weeks of intervention, the study messages were re-examined. For data analysis and analysis, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures was used by    software version 27. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, adding transcranial direct current (tDCS) (anodal M1) to neuromuscular training in water enhances the mechanisms of pain and the brain's response to analgesic training and is clinically more effective for improving quality of life, motor function, and reducing the severity of knee instability and motor movements in patients with fear.    Keywords: Neuromuscular training, water therapy, transcranial direct current (tDCS), knee osteoarthritis, knee instability, performance, quality of life, pain

   Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems of the new era among young smartphone users worldwide. Portability leads to a wide variety of postures during different activities of the day. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the time of mobile phone use and body posture during use among male students of Razi University. It is hypothesized that body postures vary depending on the time of day; therefore, musculoskeletal disorders may also vary. Methods: The present study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 351 male students at Razi University with a mean age of (24/26±3/83) years, mean height of (1/79±0/06) cm, and mean weight of (77/82±10/95) kg. Four time periods of the day, namely morning, afternoon, evening and night, and a >Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, different times of using a mobile phone during the day and body position have an effect on the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in male students and can increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.    Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, mobile phones, Razi University students, usage time, ergonomic assessment.

چكيده مقدمه: در دهه‌هاي اخير، رشد و توسعه فن‌آوري‌هاي نوين و افزايش دسترسي به رسانه‌هاي ديجيتال از يك سو، و كاهش فعاليت‌هاي بدني به دليل سبك زندگي كم‌تحرك از سوي ديگر، منجر به كاهش سطح سواد حركتي در كودكان و نوجوانان شده است. اين تغييرات در الگوي زندگي، ضرورت استفاده از رويكردهاي آموزشي نوين و جذاب را براي افزايش سطح سواد بدني كودكان بيش از پيش نمايان ساخته است. سواد حركتي به‌عنوان يكي از اجزاي كليدي رشد بدني و سلامت عمومي، شامل توانايي حركت مؤثر، درك حركتي و اعتماد به نفس در فعاليت‌هاي بدني است. بهبود اين مهارت‌ها مي‌تواند نه تنها به رشد حركتي، بلكه به سلامت رواني و اجتماعي كودكان نيز كمك كند. در اين راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ به‌عنوان يك رويكرد نوين آموزشي بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان دختر 9 تا 11 سال شهرستان كنگاور انجام شد. روش تحقيق: روش پژوهش به صورت نيمه‌تجربي و با طراحي پيش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با گروه‌هاي كنترل و تجربي صورت گرفت. نمونه پژوهش شامل 40 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر پايه ابتدايي در محدوده سني 9 تا 11 سال بود كه به صورت نمونه‌گيري خوشه‌اي تصادفي از مدارس شهرستان كنگاور انتخاب شدند. شركت‌كنندگان به دو گروه تجربي (20 نفر) و كنترل (20 نفر) تقسيم شدند. براي ارزيابي سواد حركتي از پرسشنامه سواد حركتي كانادا-نسخه دوم (CAPL-2) استفاده شد. اين ابزار، يكي از ابزارهاي معتبر و استاندارد براي سنجش سواد حركتي است كه شامل ارزيابي جنبه‌هاي مختلف توانايي‌هاي بدني، حركتي و درك حركتي مي‌باشد. گروه تجربي به مدت 8 هفته (2 جلسه در هر هفته) در جلسات آموزشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ شركت كردند. اين بازي‌ها كه مبتني بر نظريه‌هاي يادگيري حركتي و رشد مهارت‌ها طراحي شده‌اند، با تأكيد بر جنبه‌هاي سرگرم‌كننده و چالش‌برانگيز، به بهبود توانايي‌هاي حركتي و تقويت علاقه‌مندي به فعاليت‌هاي بدني مي‌پردازند. گروه كنترل در اين مدت، برنامه‌هاي آموزشي معمول خود را بدون شركت در اين بازي‌ها ادامه دادند. براي تحليل داده‌هاي جمع‌آوري‌شده، ابتدا با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك نرمال بودن توزيع داده‌ها بررسي شد. سپس، به منظور بررسي تأثير مداخله، از تحليل كوواريانس (ANCOVA) بهره گرفته شد. تمامي تحليل‌ها با استفاده از نسخه 26 نرم‌افزار    انجام گرفت. نتايج اين تحليل‌ها به‌منظور ارزيابي تفاوت بين دو گروه تجربي و كنترل و تعيين اثربخشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.  

      The effect of twelve weeks of light aerobic exercise on cognitive and motor performances in women with non-severe Multiple sclerosis.    Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is on autoimmune disease of the central nervous system on which the neurons of the central nervous. Which the neurons of the central nervous. system are attacked by the patient's immune system and depending on the severity of the damage , it causes different symptoms in the patient. The highest rate of prevalence is in young people between 20 and to years old. And disabilities such as fatigue , imbalance, visual, impairment, cognitive problems such as memory loss, ect. Are amorg the complications of this disease. Methods: This reseaech was conducted on 30 female patients with MS who were randomly divided in to two control and experimental groups of 15 peoples, bimanual coadination, memory and reaction time were simple, they gave a pre- test. Then the experimental group performed light aerobic exercices protocal for twelve weeks and two sessions every week. The control group did not do any exercise during this period. After this interventions, a post – test was conducted for both groups. Results: The vesults of the research indicated the sidnificant effect of aerobic sports on all cognitive and motor functions examined in this research, There fore, submaximal to MS patients in order to improve the factors examined in this reavch.

  ackground and purpose: The complexity of educational methods and the category of individual differences have created many challenges for motor skills training specialists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of linear and non-linear training (selected ball games) on the development of ball skills in girls aged 7-9, focusing on self-efficacy and enjoyment of the activity. Methodology: The statistical population of the research included girls aged 7-9 living in the city of Kermanshah. The statistical sample consisted of 30 people who were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people: linear training and non-linear training. Both groups for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week in the intervention program that included linear training (doing prescribed and repetitive exercises) and non-linear training (manipulation of task constraints such as equipment and instructions) of Heidelberg ball games. were given Ball skills, including throwing accuracy from above the shoulder, basketball spiral dribble and shot test, along with the cognitive variables of pleasure and self-efficacy, were evaluated before and after the intervention. Using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the normality of the data was checked. Analysis of covariance test was also used to compare groups while considering the effect of disturbing variables. Statistics were done with    software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings The results of this research comprehensively showed that the non-linear training approach compared to the linear training method has significant effects on improving ball-related skills and some psychological aspects in children. In particular, regarding the over-the-shoulder throw component, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (P = 0.002), so that the group that experienced non-linear training performed better than the group that benefited from the linear method. This finding suggests that non-linear methods can enhance more complex motor skills in children. In the case of basketball spiral dribble, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.201). However, the findings regarding the shot component showed that the non-linear group performed significantly better than the linear group (P = 0.007), which highlights the importance of flexible and non-linear teaching approaches in fostering more detailed and specialized skills. From a psychological point of view, the examination of the activity enjoyment variable showed that the non-linear group enjoyed the activities significantly more (P = 0.003), which indicates that a varied and flexible educational experience can increase children's motivation and participation. Also, the level of self-efficacy in the non-linear group was significantly higher (P = 0.031), which indicates the positive effect of this method on children's self-confidence and individual abilities.

Abstract Background: Most anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in non-contact situations such as cutting and landing. Fatigue may alter the biomechanics of the lower limbs during these activities, leading to a higher likelihood of non-contact ACL injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of trunk muscle and neuromuscular fatigue on lower limb function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time in elite athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 32 elite athletes who met our inclusion criteria. Demographic characteristics and baseline assessments were performed in the first session. During the second session, participants were assigned an accident scenario involving neuromuscular or trunk muscle fatigue, followed by the post-test conducted immediately after the onset of fatigue (reaching 80% vertical jump height). Subsequently, a 72-hour period of rest was allocated to alleviate the effects of fatigue. Following this, the subjects were subjected to cross-over fatigue, and the test was taken immediately afterward. Lower extremity function, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, feedforward electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and reaction time were assessed before and immediately after fatigue protocols as study outcome measures. Lower limb performance with four tests of single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, timed hop test and 6-meter, and triple-crossover hop for distance, lumbopelvic control with lateral step down, landing mechanics by The Landing Error Scoring System-Real Time and video camera and analysis of landing video with Kinovea 0.9.5 and Digimizer software, to check knee control, electrical activity of the muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, by electromyography device, dynamic balance With the Y test, plantar pressure distribution with PT-scan device, reaction speed of subjects' reaction with multiple choice reaction timer device were evaluated as study outcomes. Results: The results of one way ANOVA test showed that after trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue There is a significant difference in Y balance test scores, lower limb function tests, feedforward electrical activity of muscles acting on the knee at the moment of landing, plantar pressure distribution, landing mechanics and lumbopelvic control (P<0.05). Next, the results of the one way ANOVA test showed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of elite athletes (P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that trunk muscle fatigue and neuromuscular fatigue have an effect on the predictors of lower limb injury in elite athletes with repeated landings and can be a risk factor for the occurrence of lower limb injuries. However, they did not have a significant effect on the reaction time of the subjects. Key Words: Trunk muscle fatigue, neuromuscular fatigue, lumbopelvic control, landing mechanics, balance, knee joint control, injury, elite athletes      

   Abstract Research has shown that direct transcranial stimulation, which is a non-invasive method without side effects, increases cognitive and motor functions. In fact, TDCS is an effective method to increase working memory and improve brain function in fatigue conditions, which has been researched in healthy and injured people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and executive functions in a single bout of endurance activity in semi-endurance runners. The method of the current research was experimental and the subjects of this research included 14 adult male half-endurance runners who were selected as available. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance at a significant level (p?0.05), and by    test. The results of the present research showed that the group that received electrical stimulation had a significant difference compared to the sham group in the phase of obtaining the results. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC significantly increased the time to reach paralysis (p = 0.022), decreased understanding pressure (p = 0.027), reduction of pain (p = 0.016) and even though it did not reach a significant level in the following components, but its positive effects were clear, for example, reduction in heart rate (p = 0.253) p), increasing the sense of pleasure (p = 0.391), increasing the arousal level (p = 0.597), improving hypofrontal function (p = 0.597) (in the countdown test), increasing the bimanual coordination score (43. p = 0) and (F = 0.66) reducing the choice reaction time (p = 0.235) and (F = 1.549), reducing the time to perform the Stroop test (p = 0.235) and (1.549 = F) compared to the sham stimulation condition. Findings: The results of the correlated t test showed that the time to retardation (TTE) in anodal stimulation conditions was significantly higher than in sham stimulation conditions (p = 0.022). And also according to the confirmation of the normality of the data distribution in the flexibility variable based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test (p?0.05), in order to analyze the results of this variable from the statistical test of the dichotomy with size [2x2] repeated measures, condition factor with two levels (two types of stimulation) and time factor with two levels (pre-test and post-test) were used. In the bimanual coordination variable, the interaction effect of conditions and time was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). Due to the non-significance of the interaction effect, the main effect of condition and time was used for analysis. The results of the main effect of condition showed that there was no significant difference in bimanual coordination between the two conditions (p = 0.81). On the other hand, the results of the main effect of time showed that the values of two-handed coordination decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the available results, it can be said that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area can have ergogenic effects on submaximal endurance activity by influencing the central and peripheral mechanisms. Of course, it is important to note that this study is the first study that investigated the acute effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on the athletic, cognitive and perceptual performance of semi-endurance runners, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further research in order to confirm these results.

مواد و روش‌ها: براي اين پژوهش 90 سر موش‌ صحرايي نر چهارتا پنج‌هفته‌اي تشكيل خواهند داد؛ كه پس از دو هفته سازگاري با محيط جديد و القاي چاقي و ديابت، به‌طور تصادفي در نه گروه (با 10 سر موش در هر گروه) شامل: 1- كنترل (ديابت نوع 2)، 2- تمرين (ديابت نوع 2)، 3- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 4- تمرين + مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 5- دارونما (ديابت نوع 2)، 6- تمرين (سالم)، 7- تمرين+ مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم)، 8- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم) و 9- شم قرار خواهند ‌گرفت. برنامه­ي فعاليت بدني هوازي شامل گرم كردن، دويدن روي تردميل با شيب صفر درصد و سرد كردن در هشت هفته و پنج روز در هفته به مدت 60 دقيقه و با شدت 60-50 درصد VO2max خواهد بود. گروه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D و گروه تمرين به همراه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D رت‌هاي سالم و ديابتي در هر هفته 5000 واحد بين‌المللي ويتامين D را به‌صورت تزريقي دريافت خواهند‌ كرد. در صورت طبيعي بودن داده‌ها (آزمون شاپيرو)، تفاوت بين گروهي با استفاده از آزمون ANOVA يك طرفه بررسي خواهد شد و آزمون تعقيبي از نوع توكي خواهد بود؛ در غير اين صورت، آزمون ناپارامتريك استفاده مي‌شود؛ نرم‌افزار مورد استفاده    26 و سطح معناداري 05/0 خواهد بود.  

   Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is one of the innovative methods that has been used in sports in recent years. NIBS, also known as neural doping, involves modulating the activity of neuronal circuits in different brain regions to induce optimal effects on sports performance. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is the most commonly used non-invasive brain stimulation technique, and various research studies have demonstrated its effectiveness on different aspects of sports performance. However, limited studies have been conducted regarding the efficacy of this method on endurance, cognitive function, and perceptual performance under mental fatigue conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and cognitive performance of trained men, both with and without mental fatigue. Method: The present study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. A total of 15 trained male participants were enrolled in this research. Each participant attended five separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session served as an introduction to the research process and included anthropometric measurements and the measurement of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) using an incremental treadmill running test. In the second to fifth sessions, participants were randomly exposed to four different conditions: 1) induction of mental fatigue + tDCS stimulation + endurance running, 2) induction of mental fatigue + sham stimulation + endurance running, 3) tDCS stimulation + endurance running, and 4) sham stimulation + endurance running. In each session, participants first performed the Stroop test and the choice reaction time test. Then they were exposed to one of the four aforementioned conditions and received 20 minutes of brain stimulation. After the stimulation, participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% MAS until exhaustion on the treadmill. During the endurance activity, the amplitude of the VL, VM, and RF muscles, Rated Perceived Exertion, pleasure Sensation, pain, and arousal were measured every 5 minutes. After reaching exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded, followed by a repeated measurement of the Stroop test and reaction time. The mean values of the research variables were used for analysis. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to exhaustion in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p=0.004). Additionally, the mean amplitude of EMG activity in the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p=0.004). Moreover, the mean electrical activity of the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p =0.040). The mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p = 0.013), and the mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.042). The mean pleasure sensation in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.032). The mean choice reaction time in the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.030). Additionally, the mean choice reaction time in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.019). Conclusion

The central muscles of the body and the lumbar-pelvic region are the foundation of the body and are considered the so-called engine of the body that provides movement for all organs, which makes this area important. The mentioned areas are considered as kinetic areas, which are responsible for the communication between the lower and upper limbs, as well as the transfer of power and torque between the two upper and lower torsos in sports skills and daily activities. In recent years, there have been hypotheses that the instability, lack of strength and lack of coordination of the muscles in the upper limbs compared to the lower limbs, has a greater effect on the center of the body and the function of the muscles and joints of this area. The aim of our current research is to investigate the effect of lumbar-pelvic motor control disorders on balance, motor function and scapular movement disorders in throw ball athletes of Kermanshah province  

   The Effect of Six-Week Neruomuscular Exercises in Combination with Cognitive-Motivational and Mindfulness Interventions on Pain, Function, Neurofeedback Factores, Kinesiophobia, and Self-Reported Knee Instability Improvement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Hamedan Province    Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease with its negative consequences. It knowns as the third cause of disability in the world. In order to improve the quality of life and increase physical performance, Kinesiophobia, self-reported instability, flexion contracture, the risk of falling and increase the ability to maintain balance, in this research, we used the effectiveness of 6 weeks of neuromuscular exercises with a combination of cognitive-motivational interventions and mindfulness in women with knee osteoarthritis in Hamadan city. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, which is an experimental type with a pre-test&am  ost-test and control group design; It was carried out in the sports rehabilitation center of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bu Ali Sina University in the period of February to September 1400. In this research, 60 women with knee osteoarthritis were selected and   they randomly were divided into three groups: (1): Neuromuscular exercises with motivational interviewing (20 people) group, (2): Neuromuscular exercises with mindfulness interventions (20 people) group and (3): Neuromuscular exercises (control) group Before and after six weeks of interventions,   ain was evaluated with a visual analog scale(VAS), physical performance with WOMAC questionnaire, quality of life with SF36, Kinesiophobia with TSK-17, knee instability (KI) with Fitzgard scale, time up and go (TUG) and and time of up and down stairs tests, walking pattern with Zebris device, balance with Biodex device and berg questionnaire, the Single Leg Lift test, flexion range of motion, knee proprioception and Knee Flexion Contracture (KFC) with goniometer and finally pain-related neurofeedback factors were evaluated with Percomp Infini device. Data were analyzed by    version 22 software and independent sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The research findings showed that based on intra-group comparisons, all three groups of NM+MI, NM+MF and NM exercises after six weeks of training in all factors (pain, performance, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests and static and dynamic balance, (KFC), berg, stepping pattern, pain-related neurofeedback factors, knee proprioception, TSK, (KI)) experienced a significant improvement (p<0.05). But after the adjustment of the pre-test, the comparison of the groups in the post-test showed that the NM + MI group in comparison to the the NM+MF group ,   they improved pain, (TUG), time of up and down stairs tests the overall balance score in the eyes closed position, and anterior-posterior oscillations. the NM + MI group had a more significant effect than the NM+MF group (p<0.05); However, the NM+MF group only improved the quality of life compared to the NM+MI group (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this study, it was found that the application of psychological interventions along with physical exercises can have a double effect. Among the psychological interventions used, motivational interviewing is more effective in improving symptoms and commitment & interest in continuing treatment in patients with osteoarthritis.    Key Words: Knee instability, Osteoarthritis, Motivational Interview, Mind fullness, Neuromascular exercises, Nerofeedback, Kinesiofobia, Flexion contracture.

   Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate and analyze the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's inclination towards sports in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts (media experts, sports experts of Kermanshah province and professors) in the field of women's sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 27 people. The validity of the research instrument (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's tendency towards sports in Kermanshah province includes: raising awareness through the media, increasing the motivation to attract sponsors, proper infrastructure management, culture building, development obstacles and It is media strategies. These categories include 17 concepts and 78 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude by emphasizing the findings of the research and the identified concepts, macro-policies and effective measures should be taken to promote mass media among women, as well as provincial managers with Awareness through the media to make women aware of the positive benefits of exercising.

The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-corona era and to provide solutions to the sports managers of the Sports and Youth Department of Kermanshah province. A mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) will be used to collect data. This research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of data collection, it will be an interview study.The statistical population includes experts in the field of sports (university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, coaches, sports experts, club managers and employees of sports and youth departments) in the field of challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. It is the post-corona era. The sampling method will be snowball type. In this research, the researcher will interview 15 knowledgeable people in the field of sports in Kermanshah province. The research was conducted in the period of 1400-1401. The interviewees will be asked to express their opinions about the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-coronavirus era in Kermanshah province and according to the knowledge, experience and expertise they have in this field, with correct and logical identification. The challenges and opportunities that have arisen during the corona era, it is possible to provide solutions to avoid challenges and use the opportunities to help club owners in the post-corona era. And according to the obtained results, it is possible to provide solutions to the managers and heads of sports boards of Kermanshah province for better management of this field in the post-Corona era. Therefore, sports managers are advised to use the results of this research in order to reduce the challenges and use the opportunities created due to the corona disease in the field of sports in the province.   

   چكيده سابقه و هدف: با توجه به اينكه در هر دو زمينه اثر ارتفاع و اثر مصرف استازولاميد در ارتفاع بر عملكرد شناختي داده هاي ضد و نقيضي وجود دارد، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر مصرف استازولاميد و هيپوكسي بر عملكرد شناختي است. در تحقيق حاضر فرض بر اين است كه ACZ با دوز پايين عملكرد شناختي را در صورت قرار گرفتن حاد در ارتفاع بالا شبيه‌سازي شده مختل نمي‌كند. بنابراين، هدف از اين مطالعه بررسي تعامل بين دوز كم ACZ و عملكرد شناختي در شرايط هيپوكسي نرموباريك بود. مواد و روش­ها: 14 دانشجوي مرد دانشگاه رازي كه همگي با روش نمونه­گيري هدفمند و در دسترس با توجه به اهداف تحقيق به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين مطالعه شركت نمودند. در اولين مراجعه به آزمايشگاه آزمون هاي زمان عكس العمل به منظور آشنايي با تست انجام شد و پس از گذشت 5 دقيقه آزمون ها براي ارزيابي سطوح پايه عملكرد شناختي اجرا شد. پس از 48 ساعت (روز سوم) مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما آغاز شد (2 دوز 125 ميلي گرمي در روز سوم، و 1 دوز ديگر در صبح روز بعد). در روز 4 و به فاصله دست كم 90 دقيقه از صرف صبحانه، تست هاي زمان عكس العمل اجرا شد و بلافاصه پس از آن ماسك ويژه دستگاه هايپوكسي روي بيني و دهان فرد فيكس شده و هايپوكسي (اكسيژن تنفسي 10 درصد) اعمال شد. نيم ساعت پس از اعمال هايپوكسي، در حالي كه هنوز ماسك روي صورت فرد است و اعمال هايپوكسي ادامه دارد، انجام تست هاي زمان عكس العمل   تكرار شد. پس از روز 4، يك هفته دوره زدايش در نظر گرفته شده است. پس از اين دوره يك هفته اي يعني روز 12، آنهايي كه در روزهاي 3 و 4 استازولاميد مصرف كرده بودند، به همان ترتيب دارونما مصرف مي كنند و بالعكس. روند كار در روزهاي 12 و 13 بجز مصرف استازولاميد يا دارونما عيناً همانند روزهاي 3 و 4 بود. در كليه زمان هاي اندازه گيري، اشباع اكسيژن خون سرخرگي و ضربان قلب نيز با استفاده از دستگاه پالس اكسيمتر اندازه گيري و ثبت شد. از آزمون تي همبسته و ضريب همبستگي پيرسون براي آناليز داده ها استفاده شد. سطح معناداري 05/0 P< در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج: نتايج مقايسه مصرف استازولاميد و دارونما در شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي نشان داد كه داده هاي SRT، VRT به ترتيب در هر دو شرايط كاهش معناداري نشان دادند (P<0/05) و تنها در شرايط نورموكسي داده هاي VRT تغيير معناداري نشان نداد (P=0/100). همچنين داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P=0/013) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف استازولاميد هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. در رابطه با داده هاي VRT (P<0/001) و SRT (P<0/001) در مقايسه شرايط هايپوكسي و نورموكسي با مصرف دارونما هر دو داده در شرايط هايپوكسي افزايش معناداري در مقايسه با شرايط نورموكسي نشان داد. نتيجه­گيري: نتايج نشان داد كه اگرچه استازولاميد مي‌تواند به طور موثري عملكرد شناختي را پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض ارتفاع بالا شبيه سازي شده بهبود بخشد، اما احتمالا داراي عوارض جانبي عصبي روان‌شناختي قابل‌توجهي است. بنابراين، بايد با احتياط و در موارد ضروري بايد تجويز شود. واژه­هاي كليدي: ارتفاع بالا،، شرايط هايپوكسي، كوه گرفتگي حاد، عملكرد شناختي

  The present research explains the model of electronic sports tourism in Kermanshah city based on the theory of foundation data. This research is applied in terms of development goal, in terms of qualitative data and cross-sectional survey in terms of nature. In addition, the plan is exploratory. The statistical population of this research was made up of experts in the field of electronic tourism and sports, who participated in the research by using the purposeful and snowball sampling method after reaching the theoretical saturation limit. The research data collection tool was semi-structured interview. In this research, data analysis was done using three stages of open, central, and selective coding based on Strauss and Corbin's approach. These coding steps were done by using Max Kyuda version 18 software. According to the results obtained from the conducted interviews, in total, 88 open codes were obtained from the interviews that were conducted with the samples under investigation, in the form of 16 central codes and 5 selective codes of causal factors (being attractive to tourists, being more comfortable, mental developments and tourism attractions of the province), contextual (emphasis on friends and family, other people's experiences and the capabilities of the website), interventionist (security weaknesses, management and government weaknesses and individual characteristics), strategies (advertising strategies, infrastructure development, offering discounts, management strategies and development of e-sports tourism) and consequences (tourist communication, economic development, reducing costs and making travel easier) were categorized. . Key words: model, e-sports tourism, Kermanshah, foundation data theory.

AbstractPurpose: Sports activity in people can cause adaptations and damages in body parts and bring physical problems and fatigue to the person. Due to its antioxidant properties, consumption of beetroot juice can reduce the side effects of intense training. Therefore, the aim of this research was the effect of acute consumption of beetroot juice on the response of liver enzymes and blood pressure in healthy women after intense outdoor activity.Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental and double-blind study, 30 healthy, non-athlete women aged 20-30 were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): supplement, placebo, and control. Before the start of the research, blood samples and blood pressure were taken from all the subjects after 15 minutes of rest and in a sitting position in order to measure the indices of delayed muscle stiffness and liver enzymes. For 7 days, the supplement group consumed 200 mg of beet juice daily and the placebo group consumed 200 mg of placebo daily, and the control group had no intervention. In the second session, after a week of taking the supplement, the second blood sample and blood pressure were also taken from the subjects, then the subjects ate a standard breakfast and 1-2 hours after taking the supplement, the protocol of running downhill for 20 minutes with a 15% slope and they performed a speed of 7 km/h, before which the subjects warmed up for 5 minutes with 50% of the maximum heart rate and zero incline. Immediately after the activity and 24 hours after the activity, the third and fourth blood samples and blood pressure were taken from the subjects. The between-group factor was evaluated and the toki test was used to find the location of the differences, and the significance level of the tests was (P<0.05).Findings: The results of the research showed that beetroot juice causes significant changes in AST and ALT and causes them to decrease during the rest period, immediately after the activity and the recovery period, unlike the control group, and also prevents the increase of The procedure of systolic blood pressure and average blood pressure was recovered during the recovery period, but it could not have a significant effect on diastolic blood pressure. In relation to the VAS index, it was able to create a feeling of less pain than the placebo and control groups, and there were significant changes in the thighs of the subjects, the results showed a decrease in the supplement group during the recovery period, but in the other groups No change was made.Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that acute beetroot juice consumption after intense outdoor activity has a significant effect on liver enzymes and blood pressure, muscle pain perception index and thigh circumference.Keyword: muscle contusion, extrinsic contraction, liver enzymes, blood pressure, beetroot juice

   چكيده پيش زميـنه:   با توجه به پيشرفت و توسعه ورزش حرفه‌اي در سال‌هاي اخير، ورزشكاران براي بهبود و حفظ آمادگي خود در بازه‌هاي زماني طولاني‌مدت به استفاده از روش‌هاي جديد و مؤثر از جمله دوپينگ عصبي روي ‌آوردند. (tDCS) كه يكي از رايج­ترين تكنيك‌هاي تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز است اخيراً در حوز? علوم ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با اين وجود   مطالعات اندكي در زمينه تأثير تحريك tDCS بر بهبود عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و ادراكي در فعاليت‌هاي بي‌هوازي صورت گرفتهاست.   بنابراين، هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي آثار tDCS بر عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و پاسخ­هاي ادراكي در حين و پس از فعاليت بيشينه بي‌هوازي بود. روش تحقيـق:   پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، با موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 15 آزمودني مرد تمرين كرد? به­عنوان آزمودني در اين تحقيق شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در 4 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور پيدا كرد. جلسه اول براي آشناسازي با فرآيند تحقيق و اندازه­گيري­هاي پيكرسنجي و در جلسات دوم تا چهارم آزمودني­ها به صورت تصادفي در معرض سه شرايط مختلف شامل 1) تحريك آنودال ناحيه M1؛ 2) تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC چپ؛ و 3) تحريك شَم قرار گرفتند. در هرجلسه، ابتدا تست استروپ و زمان عكس العمل انتخابي اجرا شد. سپس آزمودني‌ها به مدت 20 دقيقه تحريك مغري را دريافت نمودند. پس از اتمام تحريك، آزمودني‌ها تست وينگيت 30 ثانيه‌اي پايين تنه را انجام دادند. در حين اجراي تست وينگيت در هر وهله آمپلي­تود عضلات VL، VM و RF، ميزان درك فشار، حس لذت و ميزان انگيختگي اندازه­گيري شد. پس از اتمام پروتكل تست وينگيت، تست استروپ و زمان عكس­العمل مجددا اندازه­گيري شد.   ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي تحقيق جهت تجزيه و تحليل مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. از روش آنواي يك راهه با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري براي تحليل آماري داده­ها استفاده شد. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه مقادير اوج توان در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحيه DLPFC   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود (01/0 =p). همچنين نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه آمپلي­تود EMG عضله VM در شرايط تحريك M1 و DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شراط تحريك شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 02/0 =p؛ 036/0 =p). مقادير شاخص خستگي   نيز در شرايط تحريك آنودال DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك ناحيه M1   و شم بود (026/0 =p). ميانگين مقادير RPE نيز در شرايط تحريك M1   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك DLPFC   و شم بود (0001/0 =p). از سوي ديگر، تفاوت معني­داري در نتايج تست شناختي استروپ بين شرايط پيش آزمون و پس آزمون در گروه تحريك dlpfc مشاهده شد (046/0 =p)، اما زمان عكس العمل انتخابي در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري پايين­تر از حالت شم بود(به ترتيب؛ 017/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p).در نهايت، ميانگين مقادير حس لذت در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 03/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p)   و ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC و شم   به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت M1 بود (به ترتيب؛ 0001/0 =p؛ 0001/0 =p). نتيـجه­گيـري:

   Introduction: During the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, various centers, including schools, were closed, social relations were severely limited, and leisure activities outside the home were canceled or greatly reduced, which led to boredom and boredom among children. Also, by affecting the daily behavior of people, the covid-19 disease has led to the spread of feelings of anxiety, depression and aggression among people in society, especially children. during this period, children, especially children with disorders, who have limitations in themselves, were in home quarantine   and they are far away from environments and centers, and their movement skills have weakened and staying at home has turned them into aggressive people. the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of selected Montessori games on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Research Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population included children aged 5 to 8 with spastic hemiplegia in Kermanshah. The subjects were randomly selected from the welfare center located in Kermanshah province, Iran. In the pre-test, 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group) participated in the research. It should be noted that 2 people from the control group and 1 person from the experimental group (due to relocation and the lack of means of communication with the researcher such as the Internet and smart phones) stopped from continuing the research, and finally 10 people from the control group and 11 people in the experimental group, the post-test was performed. In addition, to participate in this research, written consent was obtained from the parents of the children (Appendix No. 1) and the test sessions were conducted in compliance with health protocols. After selecting the samples and grouping them into two experimental and control groups through a pre-test, primary data was collected by the mentioned tests according to the order (1 Lincoln Ozertsky Motor Performance Test 2 Completing the Aggression Questionnaire 3 Completing the Quality of Life Questionnaire) And then doing eight weeks of exercises at home, which included three sessions of 45 minutes each week (5 minutes of warm-up, 35 minutes of exercises and games, and then 5 minutes of cooling down), which exercises were performed according to the table provided (3 4) It varied from simple to advanced over the weeks. These exercises have a physical aspect and aim to strengthen the motor skills of these children. It should be noted that at the beginning of the sessions, the necessary tools for Montessori games were delivered to the subjects and they were taught how to use them and how to perform the exercises. The communication between the researcher and the children was through a video call on the WhatsApp virtual network. The subjects appeared in front of the camera at the appointed time and performed the exercises in front of the researcher with full clarity for a certain period of time, and any errors and shortcomings in the exercises of the subjects could be seen by the researcher and feedback was given to the subject. The exercises should be done without errors and completely by the subjects. After completing the exercises, the samples were measured during a post-test in person at the relevant centers. Findings: The results showed that the intervention based on eight weeks of selected Montessori games has a significant effect on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus (P<0.05).

   Abstract: Introduction: Back pain as a musculoskeletal disorder that has a high prevalence in all human societies. It has always been of interest to therapists. The purpose of this research is the relationship between the angle of the lumbar arch and the length of the hamstring muscles in women aged 30-60 with and without chronic back pain. Methods: In this comparative - correlation study, the number of 108 women with the average age (years) 42.89 ± 9.17, height (cm) 161.99 ± 5.12, weight (kg) 15.20 ± 69.87, body mass index (kilograms per square meter) 26.63 ± 6.27 into two groups, 50 people with chronic back pain and 58 people with no history of back pain. and without a history of back pain, 58 people who were selected by a targeted vote at the Mahdia Clinic in Kermanshah, between September and February, 1400 Pain was assessed by comparing VAS and back arch using a flexible ruler and the length of hamstring muscles with AKE test. the data obtained in the research process were analyzed by Yeoman-Whitne. Results: Research results show that, there is a significant difference between the lumbar arch group of women with history of back pain and the group without history of chronic back pain (P=0.006). also, there is a significant difference between the length of the hamstring muscles of women with history of back pain and the group without history of back pain (0.001). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, it showed that the lumbar arch of the participants in women with a history of chronic back pain also, the length of hamstring muscles in women with history of back pain was shorter than women without history of back pain. Therefore, there was a weak correlation between the two groups in the two mentioned variables. Therefore, due to the fact that the shortness of the hamstring muscle and the increase in the lumbar arch causes limitation in the anterior tilt of the pelvis, bending of the hip joint and causes extra load on the vertebrae and causes back pain. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the length of the hamstring muscles and reduce the arch of the back As suitable solutions, they should be used to reduce the intensity of pain and disability of patients so that they can prevent the risk of future injuries of these people.

  Abstract Objective: Considering the importance of physical fitness in female adolescent students, which is assessed by physical fitness factors (sitting, horizontal, 540 m running and flexibility) and the importance of nutritional knowledge and attitude of female adolescents and the growing trend of low food intake. Value among adolescents and little research of external sources and lack of internal research in this field, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of low value foods on strength, endurance, flexibility, body mass index and academic performance of 13 to 15 female students in Kangavar. Materials and Methods: From 200 female students aged 13 to 15 years in Kangavar, the selected schools were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method; According to Morgan's table, the minimum number of subjects should be 181, which due to the decline during the research process, 200 people were selected and finally 200 subjects participated in the present study. The mean and standard deviation of the subjects was 14.27 66 0.66 years. In this study, height and weight were measured and body mass index was classified and calculated using body growth charts for children in this age group (NHANES-I). Mean and standard deviation of height, weight and body mass index were 6.41 ± 160.63 cm, 10.75 ± 55.57 kg and kg / m23.63 ± 21.48, respectively. To measure cardiorespiratory endurance from the 540 m test, to measure endurance and muscular strength of the shoulder muscles from the modified horizontal bar, to measure the endurance of the abdominal muscles from sitting and lying down, and to measure the FTF and خلفي (thigh) of the flexibility box. Plasticity was used. A questionnaire designed by the researcher was used to assess the frequency of consumption of low-value foods in the subjects. The Shah Mohammadi Questionnaire (2014) was used to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and nutritional behavior. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (k-s) test was used to check the normality of the data. In addition, Spearman correlation was used to examine the correlation of variables. For all statistical tests, a significance level of p <0.05 was considered. Also,    statistical software version 24 was used to perform statistical calculations. Results: There was an inverse relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and health-related physical fitness factors including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles and shoulder girdle, and of the كمر at كمر and خلفي خلفي (thigh). Was observed (P <0.05). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and body mass index in the subjects (P?0.05). There was a significant inverse relationship between consumption of low value foods and nutritional knowledge and behavior in the subjects (P?0.05). But there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and nutritional attitudes in the subjects (P <0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between the consumption of low-value foods and the grade point average of the subjects (P <0.05). Conclusion: Considering that in the present study, with the increase in the consumption of low-value foods, the physical fitness of students has decreased and the amount of body mass index has increased; And nutritional knowledge and behavior declined. If we do not pay attention to the high consumption of low-value foods, we will probably see a high rate of non-communicable diseases in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to parents and policy makers in the field of nutrition and physical activity in the community and schools and the national policy of these policies. Keywords: students, physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, low value food

  One of the topics in the sociology of sports is recognizing the reasons for withdrawing from sports activities, and since in Iran, most research has been done on barriers to participation in sports activities and research on withdrawal or withdrawal. Therefore, there is no need to provide a model of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities that are consistent with the ideas and views of Iranian society and meet many needs. There are sports managers in the planning. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to respond to this need in several stages. The best method for conducting this research in terms of design was a combination of research designs that were done in two parts: qualitative and quantitative and consecutively.In the first stage, the concepts and definitions of withdrawal from sports and the background of the research were examined. In the second stage, during a qualitative study, the factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities were identified to be used to design a questionnaire. In the third stage, according to the identified factors, during a quantitative study, the pattern of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts was drawn and the obtained factors were prioritized. The results of this study can provide a complete basis for the reasons for leaving martial arts

Abstract Introduction: Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal disorder that is the cause of disability and absence from work. The purpose of this study, the effect of eight weeks of aqua and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises on pain, disability, lumbopelvic control, postural sways and plantar pressure distribution in Patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Methods: This is a one-way blinded randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group; It was performed in the Sports Rehabilitation Center of Razi University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, from September to February 2020. In this study, 36 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain were randomly divided into three groups: dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises (n = 12), aqua exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). lumbopelvic control of patients with biofeedback pressure, symmetry index and postural sways with PT-scan, spine posture with spinal mouse, pain intensity with visual analog scale and inability of oswestry disability index in pre-test and post-test . The training groups participated in the training interventions for 8 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The data obtained in the research process were analyzed by paired t-test, analysis of ANCOVA and mix-ANOVA and Bonferreni test with    software version 22. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between aqua exercise exercises and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization in improving pain, disability, lumbar-pelvic control, postural sways and plantar pressure distribution in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. (P >0/05). Both groups had a significant improvement in the indicators of pain, disability and lumbopelvic control compared to the control group (P <0/05). Also in comparison within the group, both types of exercises had a significant decrease in pain intensity, disability, lumbopelvic control, lumbar range of motion, symmetry index and postural sways (P <0/05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, aqua exercise and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises have been almost equally effective in reducing pain intensity, disability and improving pelvic lumbar control in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.   

The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF, NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine Abstract Background: Neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are the most important target of therapeutic interventions. However, the effect of exercise interventions and supplementation on MS has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF , NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine. Methods: In this randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 40 women (20-40 years old) with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 3-5 were divided into 4 groups including aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D: n=10), aerobic training (AT: n=10), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D: n=10) and control (C: n=10). The aerobic training program consisted of 20-40 minutes of 50-70% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1? were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Also, the 9-item Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF self-report questionnaire were used to assess the fatigue index and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Tukey post hoc test using    software version 26 at a significance level of P <0.05. Results: The results show that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1?, compared with the control group (P <0.05). However, significant improvements were observed in the mentioned variables in AT and Vit D groups compared to the control. The serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-1? were significantly lower and BDNF and NGF levels were significantly higher in AT+Vit D than AT and Vit D groups. The results of this study also showed a significant difference between AT and Vit D in mentioned variables (serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?, BDNF, and NGF). In addition, after eight weeks, fatigue was significantly reduced in the AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   while, increased in the control group. Quality of life in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups significantly increased compared to the control. The results also show that the quality of life in the AT+Vit D was higher than in the AT and Vit D groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the combination of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation might be one of the therapeutic methods that help improve neurological and inflammatory factors, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS during the COVID-19 quarantine. Keywords: Vitamin D, Exercise, Neurotrophic factors, Cytokines, Coronavirus, Multiple sclerosis   

  Review Adventurous tourism is a kind of tourism that has a somewhat accompanied risk and has a special physical activity and skills in it, the nature is a person to challenge and strive to take the effort. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tourism based on adventure sports Is Kermanshah. Research in terms of nature is an exploratory and applied research and is also used in qualitative study phase of the grounded theory. The population of this study was 14 experts and experts in the field of sport tourism, using qualitative method and snowball and theoretical saturation index was used to sample of the research community. Data collection tool was a library study and a deep interview. In the present study, the method of agreement within the subject to calculate the reliability of the interviews has been used that the reliability between the two Kdgozar was determined using the formula, 76%. In the data analysis phase, after reviewing and library studies as well as data coding in qualitative, open and axial coding were performed. In this research, territorial and regional factors, as causal conditions, laws and regulations, human resource training as the underlying conditions, management factors, support and informing as confounding conditions, investment, training and advertising, tourism management as a strategy to control, The management and response to the phenomenon are adopted, are considered. Also, in this theory, economic, social, cultural categories are considered as consequences and outcome. The results of this study showed that Kermanshah Province has high natural potentials for tourism adventurous sports, but in the sub-manufacturing sector are deficient. It also showed that the development of adventure tourism in the province has positive and influential consequences. Key words: Adventure tourism, qualitative research, feasibility study, Kermanshah, sport

  The most important factors affecting the learning and performance of motor skills can be feedback and psychological pressure due to the presence of spectators on the performance of athletes. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of self-controlled feedback on volleyball service performance under pressure of spectators in beginner and skilled players. The statistical society of this research includes all volleyball gyms located in harsin sity, among which all were selected by random-cluster sampling of two gyms and among the woman who came to these gyms, 60 people were selected randomly (30 beginner and 30 skilled volleyball players) who had the criteria for entering the research, Then each category of these players were divided randomly into three groups: self-controlled, paired and control (each group has ten people). After that, each person did 10 sequential simple services in the absence of the spectator and lack of feedback. This test was conducted in order to homogenize groups of people. Then, each person performed 10 sequential simple services in the presence of spectators and under their psychological stress (to avoid seeing encounter location of the ball with the ground by the subjects, from the subject was wanted to rotate around 180 degrees after service). Then, according to the group, required feedback was provided to the person. After that, the scores of each person in their trials were recorded based on the APHRED volleyball service test. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the central indicators (Mean) and dispersion indicators (Standard Deviation) of the groups. After assuring the natural distribution of the data using Shapiro Wilk test, to test the research hypotheses, the parametric method of inferential statistics (One Way Anova) was used. An appropriate follow up test (Bonferroni test) was used to examine the differences between groups and in all cases, the significance level of 0.05 was considered. The results of the research showed that in the group of beginner players, the self-controlled feedback group had significantly higher scores than the paired (P=0/014) and control (P=0/028) groups, there was no significant difference between the paired and control groups (P=1/000); in the group of skilled players, there was no significant difference between the self-controlled feedback group with the paired group (P=1/000), while had significant difference with the control group (P=0/024), also there was significant difference between the paired and control groups (P=0/006). Regarding these results, in both beginner and skilled players, self-controlled feedback improves performance, but the beginner group than the skilled group gain more benefit from self-controlled feedback.  Keywords: Self-controlled feedback, volleyball service, beginner and skilled players.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of strategic decision-making and strategic control system on organizational performance among experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran. The study method was descriptive-survey and in terms of purpose was applicable. The statistical universe contained all experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran (400) of which 214 persons were selected according to Morgan’s table by using stratified random sampling. To collect information, three questionnaires such as Elbanna’s standard strategic decision-making (2008), strategic control system of Heybidin et al. (2016) and organizational performance of Ahmadi et al. (2013) were used.    22 and Lisrel 8/70 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a remarkable relation between strategic decision-making, strategic control system and organizational performance. Therefore, managers of sportive organizations should pay huge attention to the principles of strategic decision-making and strategic control system so from this way they can reinforce the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and achieve the organizational goals.