Abstract Background: Mental health is one of the main dimensions of health and a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, which has a decisive impact on the quality of individual and social life. However, the increasing prevalence of mental disorders, especially in developing societies and among women, has doubled the need to design effective and accessible interventions. Physical activity, including resistance training, as a well-known non-pharmacological method, plays a significant role in improving indicators such as quality of life, anxiety, self-confidence, and body image. In addition to exercise, new technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) also help improve psychological functions by inducing lasting neural changes. Previous research shows that the combination of these two methods can produce powerful synergistic effects; however, most previous research has examined the combination of tDCS and aerobic exercise, and fewer studies have focused on the simultaneous effects of resistance training and tDCS. Also, most of these studies have been conducted on men and there is insufficient evidence for women. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of four weeks of resistance training combined with tDCS on various dimensions of mental health in young women. Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-sectional design. 24 female subjects with no history of exercise training participated in this study. After the groups were determined, all participants attended a briefing session, and in the same session, one repetition maximum was measured using an estimated method based on the guidelines provided for estimating one repetition maximum. One week after the briefing session, pre-test measurements were taken 4 days before the start of the first training session. After completing the measurements in the pre-test phase, the "anodal + training" group performed a resistance training program for 4 weeks along with receiving non-invasive anodal brain stimulation after each resistance training session. The "sham + exercise" group had the same routine as the first group for 4 weeks, but instead of receiving anodal stimulation, they received sham stimulation. 48 hours after the end of the last exercise session, post-test measurements were performed with a similar procedure to the pre-test. Considering the number of questionnaires used in this study and in order to prevent the process of completing the questionnaires from being boring, a 4-day period was considered before and after the intervention, and an attempt was made to present and complete 2 questionnaires to the participants each day, separately in the morning and afternoon. The mean values ??of the research variables were used in statistical analysis, and parametric statistical methods such as independent t-test, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in both anodal + exercise groups (p = 0.011) and sham + exercise (p = 0.033) decreased immediately after the intervention, but in the anodal stimulation group, this decrease remained stable in the four-week follow-up period (p = 0.008), while in the sham group, the level of anxiety increased again in the follow-up period (p = 0.014). In other variables including quality of life, mental health, sleep quality, body image dimensions, self-confidence and cognitive flexibility, the main effect of time was significant and a significant improvement was observed compared to before the intervention (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the self-concept variable, neither the group nor the time effect was significant.

Endurance-based exhaustive activities induce widespread fatigue in the neuromuscular system and significant alterations in psychological indices, leading to impaired balance, reduced concentration, and increased perception of fatigue in athletes. In recent years, the use of sports mouth rinses has gained attention as a rapid-acting and non-invasive intervention, as they can influence psychological and motor performance without entering the bloodstream by stimulating oral receptors and activating central neural pathways. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two types of mouth rinses—caffeine and caffeine–carbohydrate—on balance and psychological factors following exhaustive endurance exercise in male athletes. In this study, 20 healthy and physically active men aged 18 to 30 years with a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² were evaluated under three different intervention conditions—caffeine mouth rinse, caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse, and a control (placebo) condition—after performing an exhaustive endurance exercise. Static and dynamic balance, as well as psychological indices including perceived fatigue, arousal, and concentration, were measured before and after the intervention. The results indicated that both types of mouth rinses led to relative improvements in certain psychological and balance-related variables; however, the combined caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse demonstrated a stronger effect than caffeine mouth rinse alone in improving some indices. These findings suggest that the use of active mouth rinses, particularly the combined type, may serve as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of endurance-related fatigue and enhance the psychological and balance status of athletes.

   Abstract Introduction: Sports performance is influenced by several physical, physiological, and psychological factors. In the field of sports, there has always been a search for performance-enhancing techniques. Most research has focused on the muscles, lungs, and heart. As a result, the importance of the brain in regulating sports performance has received less attention. Many studies have shown that the brain plays a key role in the development of fatigue and, consequently, influences sports performance. The mechanisms responsible for fatigue may be central or peripheral. The high demands placed on athletes by coaches to improve performance have increased interest in enhancing performance using new approaches. The use of techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocols has become a popular topic in sports science, based on observations that they may benefit sports performance. Therefore, the researchers in the present study sought to determine the acute effects of tDCS and PAP on functional, cognitive, and perceptual parameters in trained women.    Methods: In this study, 12 trained female athletes who met the inclusion criteria participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. In a preliminary session, after subjects were introduced to the research procedures and their anthropometric characteristics were measured, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell squat was assessed. One week later, subjects were randomly exposed to five different conditions across five separate sessions, with one week between sessions: 1) M1 anodal tDCS, 2) Sham stimulation, 3) PAP protocol, 4) PAP + tDCS, and 5) tDCS + PAP. In each session, resting blood pressure and heart rate were first measured, followed by the Stroop test and a choice reaction time test. Immediately after completing each experimental condition, the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pleasure, arousal, pain, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded. The choice reaction time and Stroop tests were then repeated. Subsequently, subjects performed the lower-body Wingate anaerobic test, and the results were recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with    27 software. Results: The data showed no significant differences in the changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, peak power, mean power, reaction time, pain, arousal, or RPE following the interventions (P > 0.05). For the RPE variable, the overall difference between conditions was significant; however, post-hoc tests with appropriate correction did not reveal significant pairwise differences between specific conditions (P > 0.05). For inhibitory control, the results indicated significant improvements in the tDCS and PAP+tDCS conditions (P ? 0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study suggest that acute tDCS improves the functional parameter of the fatigue index and the cognitive parameter of inhibitory control in trained women. Similarly, the combination of PAP + tDCS also improves inhibitory control. However, the PAP intervention alone did not have a significant effect on any of the variables measured. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.    Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation, post-activation potentiation, Wingate, Stroop, fatigue

   Abstract Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in children and is frequently accompanied by deficits in motor proficiency and behavioral self-regulation. Impairments in fine and gross motor skills, reduced motor coordination, and elevated behavioral symptoms are well documented in children with ADHD. Previous research suggests that motor-based interventions and vitamin D supplementation may enhance neuromuscular functioning and behavioral outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the effects of play therapy based on the Ball School approach, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination on motor proficiency and behavioral symptom severity in girls aged 10–12 years with ADHD. Research Method: This semi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. After screening using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5) and clinical confirmation, 60 girls with ADHD were randomly assigned to four groups: play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, combined intervention (play therapy + vitamin D), and control. Interventions were administered for eight weeks. Motor proficiency was assessed using the BOTMP-2 (total, fine, and gross motor scores), and behavioral symptoms were evaluated using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA while controlling for pretest scores. Results: The type of intervention had a significant effect on total motor proficiency, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and ADHD-RS(DSM-5) behavioral symptoms (p < 0.001). All three interventions demonstrated significant improvements compared with the control group. The combined intervention showed the greatest overall improvements in motor proficiency; however, its superiority over the single interventions was not consistently significant across all variables. For behavioral symptoms ADHD-RS(DSM-5), all interventions produced comparable reductions in symptom severity with no significant differences among the three treatment groups. Conclusion: The findings indicate that play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination are effective in enhancing motor proficiency and reducing ADHD-related behavioral symptoms in children. The combined intervention appears to offer added benefits in some motor domains, supporting a multidimensional approach to rehabilitation. Integrating structured motor activities with nutritional support may provide an efficient and practical strategy for improving functional outcomes in children with ADHD. Keywords: ADHD; Motor proficiency; Play therapy; Ball School; Vitamin D; BOTMP-2; ADHD-RS(DSM-5); Children

   Objective: ADHD is characterized by a combination of inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that physical activity in the form of play plays an important role in the pathophysiology and management of ADHD. In addition, considering the vital role of vitamin D in the proper functioning of the central nervous system and mental health, the use of this vitamin can improve the symptoms of these patients as a complementary therapy and an effective adjunct. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brain ball exercises on executive function in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research Method: For this purpose, 60 students with ADHD participated in this study based on the ADHD Rating Scale DSM-5 diagnostic questionnaire for parents and teachers and under the supervision of a psychologist and were randomly assigned to one of the control groups (15 people), the vitamin D group (15 people), the Brain ball group (15 people), and the vitamin D + Brain ball group (15 people). For evaluation, analysis of Go/No Go, Stroop Color-Word and N-Back tests was used before and after the intervention. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Normal distribution was examined with (Shapiro-Wilk test) and alignment with (Levene test). Differences between groups were determined using two-way analysis of variance. If significant, Bonforni post hoc test was used to find the location of the differences. Analyses were performed using    software and the significance level was determined as P ? 0.05. Findings: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises caused a significant decrease in the score and interference time in the Stroop Color-Word test. In the N-Back test, the number of correct responses increased significantly and the number of incorrect responses decreased significantly, but no significant difference was observed in the average response time. In the Go-No-Go test, the presentation error and omission error were significantly reduced and the inhibition score was significantly increased, but there was no significant effect on the average response time, and finally the ADHD level was significantly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises can improve executive function and ADHD level in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of health literacy in selecting sources of information search for sports supplements in people referring to fitness clubs. The method of the present study is descriptive-survey in terms of type. The statistical population of the present study is people referring to fitness clubs in Kermanshah city. Given the dispersion of fitness clubs in urban areas, the statistical sample is selected in a random-cluster manner. The Cochrane population trait distribution ratio formula was used to determine the sample size. According to this formula, the statistical sample of the present study was 372 people. The instrument used for this study was based on the standard health literacy questionnaires of "Wahl et al." (2021) and Kaktomani et al. (2019); Curry, Dossey, and Lucy (2023); Maughan, Depicy, and Geyer (2007). In the present study, the face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors and experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure reliability, which was 0.88.    version 25 and PLS3 software were used to analyze the data and answer the research hypotheses. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, health literacy affects the selection of sources of information search for sports supplements in people who refer to fitness clubs. Health literacy also affects the characteristics of sports supplements sought by people who refer to fitness clubs, and finally, the characteristics sought play a mediating role in the relationship between health literacy and the selection of sources of information search for sports supplements in people who refer to fitness clubs. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that by including concepts related to health literacy, principles of supplement consumption, and how to refer to scientific sources in training courses, we can help athletes choose standard sports supplements.      

  ackground: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that is accompanied by progressive joint destruction, persistent systemic inflammation, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Factors like interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) play a central role in its pathogenesis. Exercise is recommended as a complementary therapy, but the acute inflammatory and neurophysiological response to a single session of aerobic activity and the difference of responses in hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study for the first time examined the effect of a single 30-minute session of moderate-intensity aerobic activity under normobaric hypoxia (13% oxygen, equivalent to an altitude of about 3800 meters) and normoxia on inflammatory indices and neurophysiological responses of these patients.Methods: This study was conducted in a controlled crossover design with counterbalanced order. After preliminary examinations, 16 men aged 30–64 years with rheumatoid arthritis living in Kermanshah voluntarily participated in this study. Before the main sessions, participants attended a familiarization session with the procedure. In this session, after full explanations about the procedure, possible benefits and harms, written consent was obtained. Then, participants were randomly assigned to two separate sessions (hypoxia and normoxia) with a one-week interval. In each session, after 30 minutes of rest in hypoxic or normoxic conditions, participants performed a 30-minute aerobic activity on a cycle ergometer at 65–75% of maximum heart rate under the same condition. In each session, blood sampling was performed before and after aerobic activity to measure IL-6, CRP, and ESR. Also, pain index, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO?) during aerobic activity; as well as sleep quality (Groningen questionnaire) and well-being (WBQ) on the night after aerobic activity were assessed. Normal distribution of data was checked with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and depending on the result, paired t-test (RPE, HR, SpO?, pain index, WBQ well-being score) or Wilcoxon test (IL-6, CRP, ESR, sleep quality) was used.Findings: The results of the present study showed that IL-6 decreased significantly after exercise in normoxic condition (p = 0.011), but did not change significantly under hypoxia. Also, ESR decreased significantly in both hypoxia and normoxia (respectively: p = 0.026, p = 0.043). SpO? during exercise was significantly lower in hypoxia (p < 0.001), and rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p = 0.019). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between hypoxia and normoxia for CRP, heart rate, pain, sleep quality, and well-being questionnaire scores.Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in men with rheumatoid arthritis is safe in terms of pain sensation, sleep quality, and well-being, both in normoxia and hypoxia, and men with rheumatoid arthritis can benefit from the advantages of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. However, aerobic exercise under hypoxia should be performed with caution and under supervision, because it may reduce part of the anti-inflammatory responses and increase physiological and perceptual load.Keywords: Normobaric hypoxia; Simulated altitude; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; C-reactive protein; Well-being; Sleep quality

   Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and could gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol. Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and can gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol.

  Abstract Introduction: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant supplement that may enhance athletic performance and support psychological well-being by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of NAC supplementation on anaerobic performance, anxiety levels, perceived exertion, and pain perception during the Wingate anaerobic test. Methods: Twelve female physical education students participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Each participant consumed either 1800 mg of NAC or a placebo 45 minutes prior to performing a Wingate anaerobic test, with a one-week washout period between conditions. Outcome measures included peak power, mean power, fatigue index, anxiety levels (state and trait), and perceived pain. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests (   v26), with significance set at p < .05. Results: NAC significantly increased peak anaerobic power compared to placebo (p = .019), but no significant differences were observed in mean power (p = .167) or fatigue index (p = .937). Pain intensity and perceived exertion during the test did not differ significantly between conditions (p = .417 and p = .236, respectively). While state anxiety levels post-test were unaffected (p = .767), trait anxiety levels were significantly lower following NAC supplementation (p = .033). Conclusion: Consumption of 1800 mg of NAC approximately 45 minutes before performing the Wingate anaerobic test may increase peak anaerobic power and reduce post-test trait anxiety levels in female physical education students. However, acute supplementation with NAC does not have a significant effect on mean power, fatigue index, perceived exertion, or pain perception during the test, nor on their state anxiety levels after the test.

   پيـش­زميـنه و اهداف: اضافه وزن و چاقي از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز طيف گسترده­اي از بيماري‌‌ها هستند. از مهم­ترين دلايل بروز اضافه وزن و چاقي مي­توان به ولع مصرف غذا، رفتارهاي تكانشي و تصميم­هاي با ريسك­ بالا در انتخاب و مصرف مواد غذايي اشاره نمود. از اين رو، استفاده از استراتژي­هاي موثر در كاهش ولع مصرف غذا و افزايش كنترل و مهار دروني همواره مورد توجه بوده است. نتايج تحقيقات متعدد آثار مثبت فعاليت بدني منظم را در كاهش ولع مصرف و افزايش مهار دروني نشان داده است. با اين حال، تاكنون پژوهشي در خصوص بررسي آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق انجام نشده است. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، آثار يك جلسه تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا بر ولع مصرف غذا، انتخاب غذايي و برخي فاكتورهاي رواني مرتبط با كنترل اشتها در زنان داراي اضافه وزن و چاق مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.    روش تحقيـق: بدين منظور، تعداد 15 زن داراي اضافه وزن و چاق كه داراي ولع مصرف غذا نيز بودند به­صورت داوطلبانه به عنوان آزمودني در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. آزمودني­ها به­صورت انتساب تصادفي در سه گروه مداخله شامل 1) تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط؛ 2) تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و 3) كنترل تقسيم­بندي شدند. در يك جلسه توجيهي، ويژگي­هاي آنتروپومتريك آزمودني­ها اندازه­گيري شد و آزمودني­ها با چگونگي انجام تمرينات هوازي با شدت متوسط و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا آشنا شدند. پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي و آشنايي آزمودني­ها با كليه مراحل پژوهش، آزمودني­ها در سه جلسه مجزا با فاصله 7 روز بين هر جلسه در محل اجراي پژوهش حضور يافتند   و در اين سه جلسه به صورت موازنه متقابل در معرض سه شرايط مختلف تمرين هوازي با شدت متوسط، تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا و گروه كنترل قرار گرفتند. در هر سه شرايط مراحل اجراي پژوهش يكسان بود. گروه كنترل در تمام اين مدت روال عادي زندگي را داشت و هيچ نوع مداخله­اي را دريافت ننمود. ولع مصرف غذا، ميزان اشتها، ترجيح غذايي، تكانشگري، تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير و انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط مشابه اندازه­گيري شدند. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت معني­داري در ولع مصرف غذا در پرسشنامه 15 سوالي بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. مقياس آنالوگ بصري ولع مصرف غذا   (مقياس بصري 12 سوالي) در شرايط تمرين هوازي و تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. همچنين، 24 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ولع مصرف غذا در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكل معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود.متغير ميزان اشتها نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان اشتها   بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. اما درمورد ترجيح غذايي نتايج نشان داد كه پس از اتمام مداخلات، ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) در شرايط تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا به شكلي معني­داري كمتر از شرايط كنترل بود. در مورد متغير تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير نيز نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت معني­داري در ميزان تكانشگري و تصميم‌گيري ريسك‌پذير بين سه شرايط مداخله­اي وجود نداشت. با اين وجود متغير انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي در شرايط تمرين هوازي به شكلي معني­داري بالاتر از شرايط كنترل بود.    نتيـجه­گيـري: با توجه به نتايج پژوهش حاضر مي­توان چنين نتيجه­گيري نمود كه تمرينات هوازي و تناوبي اثر مثبتي بر ولع مصرف غذا دارند. همچنين تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا اثر معناداري بر ترجيح غذايي (براي غذاهاي با درصد چربي و قند بالا) دارد و تمرين هوازي نيز اثر مثبتي بر انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي دارد.چنين نتايجي به لحاظ كاربردي بسيار حائز اهميت مي‌باشد، گرچه لازم به ذكر است كه انجام مطالعات بيشتر جهت تاييد اين پروتكل و مكانيسم‌هاي دخيل در آن ضرورت دارد.    كلمات كليدي: تمرين هوازي، تمرين مقاومتي، ولع مصرف غذا، تكانشگري، تصميم­گيري ريسك پذير، چاقي و اضافه   و ترجيح غذايي.

   Abstract:    Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and taurine supplementation on endurance capacity and selected antioxidant, oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and sensitivity in male rats. Methodology:

   The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived economic status and the choice of information sources and the preferred market for sports supplements in non-competitive users. The method of the present study is descriptive-survey in terms of type. The statistical population of the present study is all male clients and customers of fitness clubs in Kermanshah city. Given the dispersion of fitness clubs in urban areas, the statistical sample is selected in a random-cluster manner. The Cochrane population distribution ratio formula was used to determine the sample size. According to this formula, the statistical sample of the present study was 318 people. The instrument used for this study is based on the standard questionnaires of Kaktomani et al. (2019), Curry, Dossey, and Lucy (2023); Maughan et al. (2007). In the present study, the face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors and experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.88. In order to analyze the data and answer the research hypotheses,    version 25 software was used. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, there was a significant relationship between the perceived economic situation and the selection of information sources and the preferred market for sports supplements among male bodybuilders. There was also a significant relationship between the perceived economic situation and the prioritization of product features among male bodybuilders. And finally, there was a significant difference between the perceived economic situation and the prioritization of product features among different income groups. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that officials and managers should take steps to improve the economic situation of society, thereby creating conditions for athletes to purchase sports products.   

Abstract Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation are among the non-invasive brain methods that have been used in various studies. tDCS, as one of the most common non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, has recently received special attention in sports science. However, limited research has been conducted on the effect of tDCS on improving athletic, cognitive, and perceptual performance in anaerobic activities of a repetitive nature. Transcranial pulsed current electrical stimulation (tPCS) has also attracted much attention as a new method. The importance of this approach is further emphasized when studies have shown that tPCS has a greater ability to increase cortical excitability than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of tDCS and tPCS on athletic performance and perceptual responses during and after six periods of maximal anaerobic activity.   

Abstract:    Background: Overweight and obesity have been considered as a global epidemic. craving for food, which is a strong desire to consume a certain type of food; (most foods with high calories and low nutritional value) is defined as one of the main causes of obesity and overweight. Craving for food is a psychological state with factors such as; Impulsivity, inhibitory control, risk-taking decision making and cognitive flexibility are related and it is mainly controlled in the prefrontal cortex and the Dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) area of ??the brain. It has been shown that even one session of physical activity can reduce food cravings. On the other hand, the role of non-invasive brain stimulation in reducing food cravings has also been well proven and the results of some meta-analyses have shown this well. Now, taking into account some gaps in the results of recent studies and the questions raised in this field, in the current research; The effect of an aerobic training session with two different types of transcranial brain stimulation including; direct current stimulation or transcranial pulsed current stimulation on variables; Food craving, food preference, appetite, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, cognitive flexibility and perceptual responses in obese or overweight women with food cravings have been investigated as the main objective. Methods: For this purpose, 15 obese or overweight female subjects with food cravings voluntarily participated in this research. And after holding a briefing session and familiarizing the subjects with all the stages of the research implementation, the subjects attended the research site in three separate sessions with an interval of 7 days between each session. And in these three sessions, being exposed to one of these three different conditions in a mutual balance: 1) aerobic exercise + transcranial direct current stimulation (AE+tDCS), 2) aerobic exercise + transcranial pulse current stimulation (AE+tPCS), 3) Aerobic exercise + sham stimulation (AE+Sham). In this research, the Latin square method was used to apply mutual balance. And in each session, after the subjects' presence at the place of research implementation and preliminary preparations, in the order of the variables; Food craving, appetite, food preference, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, cognitive flexibility and perceptual responses were measured. Then in the condition (AE+tDCS); First, the subjects received 20 minutes of direct current anodal stimulation in the left DLPFC region and then they began to perform aerobic exercise. In the (AE+tPCS) condition, the implementation of the protocol was the same, with the difference that the type of stimulation received was transcranial pulse current stimulation. And in (AE+Sham) conditions, subjects received sham stimulation for 20 minutes and then performed aerobic exercise. Immediately after the aerobic exercise in each session, the research variables were measured again. In addition, food craving were measured again 24 and 48 hours after the end of the exercise. Also, appetite and perceptual responses were recorded again at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours after the completion of aerobic exercise.    Findings:

Background and objective: Improvements in adipocytes levels can reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, indicating adipocytes to be a hopeful remedial target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related diseases. However, there is no consensus on the role of various exercise training on adipokines in T2DM and the results are contradictory. Therefore, this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression investigated the effects of different types of exercise training on some adipokines concentrations in T2DM.   Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to September 2024. Resistin ,Apelin,Visfatin and Vaspin were included   to investigate the effects of   exercise training in this study . Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird method) to calculate weighted means differences with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Analysis of 37 studies (52 intervention arms, n = 1811) demonstrated that exercise training significantly decreased resistin (MD: -1.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.57, p=0.0001) and visfatin (MD: -0.70 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.32, p =0.0002) levels but has no significant effect on Apelin (MD 0.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08, p =0.55)and Vaspin (MD: 0.00 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.0 to 0.0, p =0.69) levels compared to control in T2DM. Slightly stronger effects were observed in aerobic, combined and resistance training in men and mor than 8weeks of intervention. Meta- regression analysis also showed that there is a significant linear relation between resistin and BMI changes. Conclusions: Overall, exercise training decreased inflammatory indices with a positive supplementary effect for T2DM patient. Keywords: Exercise training, Adipokines, Insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes.   

Background: In the most recent studies, findings indicate that if transcranial directcurrent stimulation is applied as bilateral stimulation to both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the posterior-lateral prefrontal area (DLPFC) causes Corticospinal excitability will increase. Paying attention to this strategy became more important when the results of studies showed that the use of this type of stimulation can be more durable. On the other hand, another type of transcranial electrical stimulation called pulsed current stimulation has been associated with more positive effects compared to direct current stimulation. Therefore, according to the fact that, so far, no research has been done on the effect of bilateral stimulation either in the form of direct current or in the form of pulsed current on muscle performance in women, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of bilateral transcranial stimulation in the form of direct current or pulsed current on performance. Muscular as well as neurophysiological responses in submaximal isotonic contractions in healthy and active women.Research method: 15 subjects with a history of regularly performingresistance exercises participated in this research in an intra-group and counterbalanced design in a double-blind, placebo-controlled (Sham). For this purpose, in a briefing session, after familiarizing the subjects with the steps of the research and measuring the anthropometric characteristics, their maximum repetition in the desired movement was measured. One week after the orientation session, the subjects were randomly exposed to 3 different conditions in three separate sessions with a one-week interval between the sessions: 1) Dual-site stimulation of the transcranial direct current and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement stopped; 2) Dual-site stimulation of transcranial pulse current and performing 3 sets until leg press movement sto   and 3) sham stimulation and performing 3 sets until the leg press movement was stopped.Findings: The results of the present study showed that muscle pain in all conditionsincreased significantly from the first set to the third set (all p<0.05) andthe results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set of the leg press, the amount of muscle pain in the condition Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current was significantly lower than sham conditions (respectively: p=0.04; p=0.03). Also, the level of pleasure in all conditions decreased from the first set to the third set (all p < 0.05) and the results of pairwise comparisons showed that in the third set, the performance of the leg press movement felt pleasure in the conditions of Dual-site stimulation of direct current and transcranial pulsed current. It was significantly higher than the sham condition (respectively: p=0.01; p=0.03). In addition, the results showed that the choice   reaction time in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation after the implementation of the training protocol was significantly lower than the conditions before the implementation of the training protocol (p<0.004), while in the conditions of Dual-site transcranial pulsed current stimulation and sham showed no significant difference in the choice reaction time variable from before to after the implementation of the training protocol (p>0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the variable of inhibitory control, Rating of Perceived Exertion, the level of felt arousal and muscle function (number of repetitions to exhaustion) between any of the stimulation conditions (p>0.05).Conclusion:

Background: Improving sports performance and speeding up the recovery process following sports meetings or competitions is one of the main priorities of athletes and sports coaches. This has led to the use of new strategies and approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulation is one of the relatively new approaches in the field of sports science, and the results of various studies in the past two decades have shown the positive effects of this intervention on various aspects of sports performance. However, the use of this method has often been in a single session and just before performing a sports activity, which is not very practical in real conditions. Therefore, in the current study, taking into account the research gaps in this field and using recent findings regarding the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation, the effects of three consecutive sessions of Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation on sports and cognitive performance, answer Psycho-physiological and recovery were investigated in endurance trained women. Methods: In terms of methodology, the present study was a semi-experimental study with an intergroup research design in a two-way blind and with the control of the placebo effect (sham). 26 endurance trained female subjects participated in this research. Each subject attended a total of 8 separate sessions in the laboratory. In the first session, anthropometric measurements and familiarization with the research implementation process were performed. In the second session, maximum power output (PPO) was measured using the Astrand test for women. The third session was considered to measure the basic values ??of choice reaction time (CRT), Stroop test (SCWT), explosive power (SJT) and 3 km time trail (3Km TT). After that, the subjects who were randomly divided into groups of Dual-site anodal stimulation (M1 and DLPFC areas) or sham stimulation received stimulation specific to their group in 3 consecutive sessions with an interval of 24 hours between each session. (fourth to sixth session). 24 hours after the last stimulation session, in the seventh session, each subject performed a residual endurance activity with an intensity equal to 75% PPO, and during the performance of the activity, the amplitude of the quadriceps muscles (EMG), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), pain sensation, pleasure sensation and level of arousal were evaluated and recorded; After reaching the exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded and immediately SJT, 3Km TT, CRT and SCWT were measured again. Finally, 24 hours after the implementation of the residual endurance activity and in the last session, the mental indicators of recovery (WBQ and TQR questionnaires), CRT, SCWT, SJT and 3Km TT were measured and recorded. The average values ??of the research variables were used in the statistical analysis, and the parametric statistical methods of t-independent, mixed two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and non-parametric statistical methods of Friedman and Man- Whitney was used for statistical analysis of data. Findings:

   Abstract Research has shown that direct transcranial stimulation, which is a non-invasive method without side effects, increases cognitive and motor functions. In fact, TDCS is an effective method to increase working memory and improve brain function in fatigue conditions, which has been researched in healthy and injured people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and executive functions in a single bout of endurance activity in semi-endurance runners. The method of the current research was experimental and the subjects of this research included 14 adult male half-endurance runners who were selected as available. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance at a significant level (p?0.05), and by    test. The results of the present research showed that the group that received electrical stimulation had a significant difference compared to the sham group in the phase of obtaining the results. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC significantly increased the time to reach paralysis (p = 0.022), decreased understanding pressure (p = 0.027), reduction of pain (p = 0.016) and even though it did not reach a significant level in the following components, but its positive effects were clear, for example, reduction in heart rate (p = 0.253) p), increasing the sense of pleasure (p = 0.391), increasing the arousal level (p = 0.597), improving hypofrontal function (p = 0.597) (in the countdown test), increasing the bimanual coordination score (43. p = 0) and (F = 0.66) reducing the choice reaction time (p = 0.235) and (F = 1.549), reducing the time to perform the Stroop test (p = 0.235) and (1.549 = F) compared to the sham stimulation condition. Findings: The results of the correlated t test showed that the time to retardation (TTE) in anodal stimulation conditions was significantly higher than in sham stimulation conditions (p = 0.022). And also according to the confirmation of the normality of the data distribution in the flexibility variable based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test (p?0.05), in order to analyze the results of this variable from the statistical test of the dichotomy with size [2x2] repeated measures, condition factor with two levels (two types of stimulation) and time factor with two levels (pre-test and post-test) were used. In the bimanual coordination variable, the interaction effect of conditions and time was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). Due to the non-significance of the interaction effect, the main effect of condition and time was used for analysis. The results of the main effect of condition showed that there was no significant difference in bimanual coordination between the two conditions (p = 0.81). On the other hand, the results of the main effect of time showed that the values of two-handed coordination decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the available results, it can be said that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area can have ergogenic effects on submaximal endurance activity by influencing the central and peripheral mechanisms. Of course, it is important to note that this study is the first study that investigated the acute effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on the athletic, cognitive and perceptual performance of semi-endurance runners, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further research in order to confirm these results.

  In recent years, childhood obesity has become a widespread global issue. On the other hand, with the increase in the spread of the Covid-19 disease in the world and the imposition of restrictions, it has led to a further increase in overweight and obesity in children. Since obesity and thinness are important factors that threaten health, and dealing with them requires having information about their prevalence and risk factors, in order to improve habits related to nutrition and physical activity, as well as adopting preventive strategies in order to reduce the epidemic. Adolescent obesity, creating a better insight in relation to the interaction of physical activity, nutrition and the quality of life of adolescents seems necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the level of physical activity, obesity, eating behaviors and quality of life in male and female students after the covid-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an 8-week course of Heidelberg ball games on the functional and psychological factors of 6-13-year-old boys with autism. The dependent variables in this research included static balance, dynamic balance, body measurement indices, social skills, anxiety and sleep habits. For this purpose, 24 boys aged 6-13 with autism (level one) of Rozeneh Hamadan center under the supervision of welfare organization, all of whom had medical records, participated. After examining the conditions of the candidates based on the entry and exclusion criteria for the research, the subjects and their parents were familiarized with the process of doing the work and written consents were obtained from them. Then, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people, test and control. The subjects of the experimental group were familiarized with the training protocol in a briefing and training session before the start of the training period, and then participated in an 8-week period (two sessions per week) of Heidelberg volleyball games. The control group did not participate in any special exercise program after completing the questionnaires, body measurements, and measuring static and dynamic balance. After 8 weeks, both test and control groups were re-evaluated. Pairwise comparisons show improvement in dynamic balance and static (p<0.001), significant weight loss (p<0.083), improvement in body mass index (p<0.096), decrease in body fat percentage (p<0.001), decrease in anxiety level (p<0.001), increase in social skills (p <0.001), and improved sleep (p<0.001) in the experimental group.   

in the present study, the effects of multi-session transcranial direct current stimulation and regular physical activity on food cravings, impulsivity, risk-taking decision-making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were investigated. Methods: For this purpose, 36 overweight and obese women who also had food cravings voluntarily participated as subjects in this research. Subjects were randomly assigned to three intervention groups including 1) anodal stimulation + exercise; 2) sham stimulation + training; and 3) control were divided. Anodal stimulation+exercise group and sham stimulation+exercise group were exposed to anodal stimulation of the target area (right DLPFC) in the brain and sham stimulation for 5 consecutive days and every day for 20 minutes. After the end of 5 days, both intervention groups performed 3 sessions of aerobic exercise per week for 4 weeks within the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The control group had a normal routine of life all this time and did not receive any type of intervention. The variables of food craving, impulsivity, risk-taking decision making, depression, self-concept and cognitive flexibility were measured before and after the interventions in similar conditions. Results: The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the amount of food cravings in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the amount of food craving in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research showed that after the interventions, the impulsivity level in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the level of impulsivity in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly lower than the sham stimulation+exercise group. The results of the research also showed that after the interventions, the risk-taking decision score in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the control group. After the interventions, the level of depression in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Also, after the interventions, self-concept increased significantly in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups compared to the control group. Finally, after the interventions, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise and sham stimulation+exercise groups were significantly higher than the control group. Also, the amount of cognitive flexibility in the anodal stimulation+exercise group was significantly higher than the sham stimulation+exercise group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the use of consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain anodal stimulation in the right DLPFC region and endurance training for four weeks have synergistic effects in reducing food cravings and Adjustment of psychological variables is related to it and therefore can be used as an efficient strategy in the target society.   

   Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is one of the innovative methods that has been used in sports in recent years. NIBS, also known as neural doping, involves modulating the activity of neuronal circuits in different brain regions to induce optimal effects on sports performance. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is the most commonly used non-invasive brain stimulation technique, and various research studies have demonstrated its effectiveness on different aspects of sports performance. However, limited studies have been conducted regarding the efficacy of this method on endurance, cognitive function, and perceptual performance under mental fatigue conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and cognitive performance of trained men, both with and without mental fatigue. Method: The present study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. A total of 15 trained male participants were enrolled in this research. Each participant attended five separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session served as an introduction to the research process and included anthropometric measurements and the measurement of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) using an incremental treadmill running test. In the second to fifth sessions, participants were randomly exposed to four different conditions: 1) induction of mental fatigue + tDCS stimulation + endurance running, 2) induction of mental fatigue + sham stimulation + endurance running, 3) tDCS stimulation + endurance running, and 4) sham stimulation + endurance running. In each session, participants first performed the Stroop test and the choice reaction time test. Then they were exposed to one of the four aforementioned conditions and received 20 minutes of brain stimulation. After the stimulation, participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% MAS until exhaustion on the treadmill. During the endurance activity, the amplitude of the VL, VM, and RF muscles, Rated Perceived Exertion, pleasure Sensation, pain, and arousal were measured every 5 minutes. After reaching exhaustion, the time to exhaustion was recorded, followed by a repeated measurement of the Stroop test and reaction time. The mean values of the research variables were used for analysis. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to exhaustion in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p=0.004). Additionally, the mean amplitude of EMG activity in the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p=0.004). Moreover, the mean electrical activity of the VM muscle in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p =0.040). The mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition (p = 0.013), and the mean Rated Perceived Exertion in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.042). The mean pleasure sensation in the tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.032). The mean choice reaction time in the MENTAL FATIGUE+tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+Sham condition (p = 0.030). Additionally, the mean choice reaction time in the tDCS condition was significantly lower than the MENTAL FATIGUE+sham condition (p = 0.019). Conclusion

هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي آثار دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي بانوان دانشجوي تربيت­بدني در شرايط هايپوكسي پس از مصرف استازولاميد بود. در شرايط هايپوكسي احتمال بروز مشكلاتي از جمله تضعيف عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي وجود دارد. از سوي ديگر ابتلا به كوه­گرفتگي حاد در ارتفاع بالاتر از 2500 متر محتمل است كه در حال حاضر داروي تأييد شده براي پيش­گيري از آن استازولاميد مي­باشد. اما، بسياري از پژوهش­ها بيانگر اثر منفي استازولاميد بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي هستند. يكي از مكمل­هايي كه براي مقابله با خستگي بدني و به منظور بهبود عملكرد شناختي مصرف مي­شود جنسينگ است. هدف پژوهش حاضر تعيين اثر همزمان استازولاميد و جنسينگ بر عملكرد ورزشي و شناختي در شرايط هايپوكسي بود. پژوهش حاضر با يك طرح متقاطع درون‌گروهي با موازنه متقابل و به صورت دوسويه كور اجرا شد. تعداد 10 بانوي دانشجوي رشته علوم ورزشي به صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شركت كردند. جداي از جلسات آشنايي و اندازه­گيري­هاي اوليه، هر آزمودني دوبار در آزمايشگاه حضور داشت و آزمون‌ زمان عكس العمل را در شرايط نورموكسي و هيپوكسي و تست هوازي وامانده‌ساز را در شرايط هايپوكسي انجام داد. در ابتدا، آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي در دو دسته پنج نفري آ و ب جاي گرفتند.دسته آ به مدت چهارده روز جنسينگ و در آخرين روز (روز قبل از آزمون) استازولاميد و در روز آزمون آخرين دوز جنسينگ و استازولاميد را مصرف كرد. شرايط در دسته ب نيز به همان صورت است با   اين تفاوت كه به جاي جنسينگ دارونما مصرف شد. فاصله بين دو شرايط براي هر آزمودني دست­كم يك هفته بود. نتايج پژوهش حاكي از آن بود كه پس از دو هفته مصرف مكمل جنسينگ، افزايش معناداري در زمان رسيدن به واماندگي (018/0=p) و كاهش معناداري در ميزان درك فشار (003/0=p) حين فعاليت استقامتي در شرايط هايپوكسي وجود دارد. همچنين نشان داده شد كه دو هفته مصرف جنسينگ بر تعداد ضربان قلب، اشباع اكسيژن سرخرگي و عملكرد شناختي در هيچ مقطع زماني بين دو گروه (جنسينگ و دارونما) اثر معناداري ندارد (05/0<p).

   چكيده: هدف: در ميان تمامي شيوه‌هايي كه به‌منظور ارتقاء عملكرد ورزشكاران بكار برده مي‌شوند، مي‌توان به مداخلات تغذيه‌اي نيز اشاره كرد كه علاوه بر تأثيرگذاري درشت­مغذي ها، تأثيرگذاري ريزمغذي­ها و ساير تركيبات موجود در خوراكي­ها را نيز شامل مي‌شود. نيترات رژيمي و ال سيترولين، ازجمله اين مواد هستند كه در برخي مواد خوراكي همچون چغندر قرمز و هندوانه وجود دارند. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش مقايسه تأثير مصرف حاد و مزمن آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بر پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي‌هوازي مردان جوان مي‌باشد. روش­شناسي پژوهش: در اين پژوهش 40 آزمودني مرد 19 تا 29 سال به‌صورت تصادفي ساده انتخاب و سپس در 4 گروه (10n=)، مكمل آب چغندر قرمز، مكمل آب هندوانه، دارونما و كنترل گروه‌بندي شده و به فاصله 2 هفته به اجراي پروتكل پرداختند. پس از تكميل پرسشنامه­­ها و اندازه­گيري ويژگي‌هاي آنتروپومتريكي شامل قد، وزن و آناليز تركيب بدني، زمان‌بندي مراجعه آزمودني‌ها به آزمايشگاه براي شركت در مراحل مختلف مطالعه در اختيار آن‌ها قرار گرفت. كل مطالعه براي هر فرد شامل 4 جلسه بود. يك ­آزمون VO2max در جلسه اول پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه دوم پس از يك­ بار مكمل دهي. يك­آزمون VO2max در جلسه سوم و يك­آزمون وينگيت در جلسه چهارم بعد از يك هفته مكمل دهي. در تمامي جلسات مراجعه، قند خون ناشتا و اولين نمونه خوني براي تعيين لاكتات پايه از آزمودني گرفته شد و به آزمودني صبحانه داده شد. در جلسه اول بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون ورزشي فزاينده به­منظور تعيين VO2max و آستانه تبادل گاز روي تريد ميل، سنجش لاكتات بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. به‌منظور بررسي پويايي لاكتات بلافاصله پس از اتمام ورزشي فزاينده و نيز در فواصل 5، 10، 30 و 60 دقيقه پس از اتمام فعاليت، اندازه‌گيري لاكتات انجام شد. در جلسه دوم   بعد از صرف صبحانه مكمل دهي انجام گرفت و 5/1 الي 2 ساعت پس از صرف صبحانه و مكمل دهي، آزمون وينگيت به‌منظور سنجش توان بي‌هوازي اجرا شد. بين اجراي آزمون ورزشي فزاينده (VO2max) و آزمون وينگيت فاصله زماني 48 ساعته وجود داشت. پس از اجراي اين مرحله، آزمودني­ها تحت يك دوره 7 روزه مكمل­دهي قرار گرفتند و پس از اين دوره مجدا مراحل اجراي آزمون­ها­ مشابه آنچه كه در بالا ذكر شد انجام پذيرفت.   قابل ذكر است كه به گروه دارونما، دارونما داده شد و گروه كنترل در كل طول پروتكل هيچگونه مكملي دريافت نكرد. تمامي داده‏هاي مطالعه در هر 4 گروه با استفاده از نرم‏‏افزار    24 آناليز شدند و با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در صورت نرمال بودن، داده­ها با استفاده از تحليل واريانس مكرر با عامل بين گروهي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند و در صورت معني‌داري از آزمون LSD جهت يافتن محل تفاوت‌ها استفاده شد و سطح معني‌داري آزمون­ها 05/0P< در نظر گرفته شد. يافته­ها: يافته­ها حاكي از بهبود شاخص­هاي پويايي اكسيژن مصرفي، پويايي لاكتات و توان بي­هوازي در مردان جوان در دو حالت مكمل­دهي حاد و مزمن در دو گروه آب چغندر قرمز و آب هندوانه بود (05/0P<). در مقايسه بين اين دو مكمل تفاوت معناداري بين داده­هاي گروه مكمل آب هندوانه و آب چغندر قرمز مشاهده شد (05/0P<).

  Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder that is mainly caused by overweight and obesity accumulating inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in the prevention, control, and treatment of diabetes. While decreased physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with obesity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B genes in the visceral fat tissue of obese rats with type 2 diabetes.Research Method: In this experimental study, fifty 4 to 5 weeks old Wistar male rats, weighing 180 to 210 grams, were randomly selected after screening among 55 rats. First, rats were randomly divided into a healthy food group (n=10) and a high-fat diet (n=40); After 2 weeks of weight gain in the high-fat diet group, intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) was injected; After confirming diabetes in high-fat diet group the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 in each group): aerobic training + vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D), control (C). Then, the rats of the AT and AT+Vit D groups performed an 8-week aerobic training 5 days a week. Vitamin D and AT+Vit D groups received 5000 international units of vitamin D once a week by injection. While sesame oil was injected instead in AT and C groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of aerobic training and after a night of fasting, blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin levels and for AMPK, PGC-1a, PTP1B, and UCP-1 gene expression, the visceral fat samples were collected by dissection. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software.Results: Based on our results, BW, BMI, FI, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT+Vit D, AT and Vit D groups compared to the C group (P<0.001); While the healthy control and diabetic control groups showed a significant increase in BW, BMI, and FI. Based on these results, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference in BW, BMI, and FI between all five grou   with the AT+Vit D group showing the greatest decrease in BW, BMI, and FI compared to other groups. Also, the research findings showed that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B in the white fat tissue of type 2 diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Although a significant improvement was observed in the aforementioned variables in the AT and Vit D alone, compared to the control group. In the AT+Vit D, the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, and UCP-1 was significantly higher and the expression of PTP1B genes was significantly lower than in AT or Vit D groups. Also, the results of this study showed a significant difference between the AT and Vit D groups in the mentioned variables. In addition, after eight weeks of intervention, the serum irisin, and vitamin D levels increased significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   However, serum irisin and vitamin D levels were decreased in the diabetic control group.

   Abstract Purpose: Corona virus is a disease that affects various organs of the body, including the respiratory system. Breathing exercises and consumption of omega-3 can also help due to their physiological role. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of respiratory muscle training with omega-3 consumption on lung capacity and quality of life of people who have recovered from the corona virus in Kermanshah. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 48 patients recovered from corona virus with an average weight of 0.75±15.1 and an average body mass index of 87.4±3.3 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12) 1-omega-3+exercise, 2-omega-3 They were divided into 3-control, 4-exercise. The breathing training program for the training group included three days a week and 60 minutes of breathing training daily, and the supplementation program included the daily consumption of one 1000 mg omega-3 tablet, which was taken daily and at the time of starting the exercises, and the control group did not have any intervention. 48 The desired variables were measured one hour before and after the research, and the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance with the between-group factor was used, and the level of significance was equal to (P<0.05). Results: The results of the research showed that FVC caused significant changes in the exercise group with control and the control group with exercise+ supplements compared to other groups, and also TV caused significant changes among the control group with supplements, but the other groups did not show any difference, and there were significant changes in the MVV index among the control group. with the supplement+ exercise group, but it did not show any difference in the other groups, and there was a significant change in the quality of life index among the three main groups compared to the control, but the other groups did not show any difference, and the sleep quality index showed significant changes in the control group with the supplement+ exercise group, the control group with Exercise was created, but it was not observed in the other groups, and significant changes in the depression index were found between the control group and the supplement+ exercise control group with exercise, but there was no difference in the other groups. Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that 8 weeks of breathing exercises along with omega-3 consumption have a significant effect on respiratory indicators, quality of life, sleep, and depression.

AbstractPurpose: Sports activity in people can cause adaptations and damages in body parts and bring physical problems and fatigue to the person. Due to its antioxidant properties, consumption of beetroot juice can reduce the side effects of intense training. Therefore, the aim of this research was the effect of acute consumption of beetroot juice on the response of liver enzymes and blood pressure in healthy women after intense outdoor activity.Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental and double-blind study, 30 healthy, non-athlete women aged 20-30 were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): supplement, placebo, and control. Before the start of the research, blood samples and blood pressure were taken from all the subjects after 15 minutes of rest and in a sitting position in order to measure the indices of delayed muscle stiffness and liver enzymes. For 7 days, the supplement group consumed 200 mg of beet juice daily and the placebo group consumed 200 mg of placebo daily, and the control group had no intervention. In the second session, after a week of taking the supplement, the second blood sample and blood pressure were also taken from the subjects, then the subjects ate a standard breakfast and 1-2 hours after taking the supplement, the protocol of running downhill for 20 minutes with a 15% slope and they performed a speed of 7 km/h, before which the subjects warmed up for 5 minutes with 50% of the maximum heart rate and zero incline. Immediately after the activity and 24 hours after the activity, the third and fourth blood samples and blood pressure were taken from the subjects. The between-group factor was evaluated and the toki test was used to find the location of the differences, and the significance level of the tests was (P<0.05).Findings: The results of the research showed that beetroot juice causes significant changes in AST and ALT and causes them to decrease during the rest period, immediately after the activity and the recovery period, unlike the control group, and also prevents the increase of The procedure of systolic blood pressure and average blood pressure was recovered during the recovery period, but it could not have a significant effect on diastolic blood pressure. In relation to the VAS index, it was able to create a feeling of less pain than the placebo and control groups, and there were significant changes in the thighs of the subjects, the results showed a decrease in the supplement group during the recovery period, but in the other groups No change was made.Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that acute beetroot juice consumption after intense outdoor activity has a significant effect on liver enzymes and blood pressure, muscle pain perception index and thigh circumference.Keyword: muscle contusion, extrinsic contraction, liver enzymes, blood pressure, beetroot juice

   چكيده هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر يك­ دوره تمرين ميني­ترامپولين بر نيمرخ چربي و شاخص­هاي پيكرسنجي در دختران داراي اضافه­وزن 12 تا 15 ساله بود. آزمودني­هاي اين پژوهش 24 نفر از دختران داراي اضافه وزن شهرستان كرمانشاه (ميانگين وزني 9/3±4/64كيلوگرم با نمايه توده بدني   5/1±5/ 24كيلوگرم بر مترمربع) بودند كه به طور داوطلبانه در اين پژوهش شركت كردند. آزمودني­ها به طور تصادفي در دوگروه شامل گروه تمريني ميني­ترامپولين و گروه كنترل   قرار گرفتند. آزمودني­هاي گروه تمريني، پروتكل­هاي تمريني را 8 هفته، هر هفته سه بار اجرا كردند. يك روز قبل و دو روز بعد از دوره تمرين نيمرخ چربي (HDL,LDL,TG,TC) و دو روز پيش و يك روز پس آخرين جلسه از دوره تمريني، شاخص­هاي پيكرسنجي شامل وزن بدن، نمايه توده بدني، درصد چربي و توده چربي بدن اندازه­گيري شدند. كاهش معناداري را در سطوح LDL، TG، TC، BMI، وزن، درصد چربي، توده چربي بدن و افزايش معني­داري را در HDL نشان دادند. نتايج اين مطالعه نشان مي­دهد كه تمرين ميني­ترامپولين در كاهش وزن، نيمرخ چربي و تركيب بدني دختران نوجوان اثر مثبت دارد. كليدواژه: ترامپولين، شاخص توده بدني، چربي بدن، HDL، LDL

       Introduction : Abstract   Many studies have shown that exercise training is recognized as a strategy to treat PCOS patients. However, there is still no comprehensive data on the type, intensity and duration of exercises for these patients.The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on inflammatory factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: In this study, 28 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (age 18-40 years, weight 80.08±9.25 kg, height 162.4±10.6 cm) participated and were randomly assigned to two exercise groups (14people) and control (14people) were divided. The training group performed three sessions a week for eight weeks of a high-intensity interval training program, including interval running for 30 seconds with an intensity of 100% maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), 30 seconds of active recovery with 50% aerobic velocity, which In the following weeks, the number of sets and the intensity of training were added. From the beeper test to measure VO2max and taking blood samples from the subjects' brachial veins before and after the exercises in order to measure the inflammatory factors HS-CRP, homocysteine, cortisol, fat profile, HDL, LDL, TG , the amount of insulin and insulin resistance HOMA-IR and testosterone were used, and body composition factors were measured with a specific method. The statistical method of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement with a significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine the differences.   Findings: The findings showed that HIIT training reduces body composition weight, fat percentage, WHR, visceral fat, insulin, insulin resistance, LDL, cholesterol, testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.05). HIIT training also increases aerobic performance and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05), but there were no significant changes in the serum levels of Hs-CRP, homocysteine, glucose, HDL, triglyceride, visceral fat index, and plasma atherogenic index (P >0.05) and the control group were unchanged or no significant change was observed (P?0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows that eight weeks of high-intensity interval training has beneficial effects on anthropometry, aerobic performance, insulin resistance and sensitivity, fat profile, and inflammatory and cardiovascular indices in PCOS patients. HIIT training intensity (100-110 MAV) seems to be a determining factor in creating optimal adaptation in PCOS patients. Keywords: inflammation, cortisol, high-intensity interval training, homocysteine, polycystic ovary syndrome

Type 2 diabetes with a high prevalence rate is one of the disorders that imposes adverse physical and mental effects on the patient and ultimately causes a significant reduction in the quality of life, premature death and imposes various costs on the patient and his family, as well as It becomes society. Therefore, it is very important to conduct studies that examine the various aspects of this disorder. Therefore, according to the goals Also, with the spread of the corona virus, which practically changed the lifestyle in many societies and imposed restrictions, including restrictions on attendance and activity in sports complexes, the need to pay attention to efficient training programs without the need for special sports equipment in patients People with type 2 diabetes appear more and more. Therefore, the results of the present research can be used in this field as well. On the other hand, recently a special species of camelina plant has been cultivated in Razi University and despite the favorable nutritional value of its oil, there have not been many studies on the effectiveness of this oil, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the results of the present research are also important in this field and can be used practically.considered for this research, its results can be used practically.  

   چكيده پيش زميـنه:   با توجه به پيشرفت و توسعه ورزش حرفه‌اي در سال‌هاي اخير، ورزشكاران براي بهبود و حفظ آمادگي خود در بازه‌هاي زماني طولاني‌مدت به استفاده از روش‌هاي جديد و مؤثر از جمله دوپينگ عصبي روي ‌آوردند. (tDCS) كه يكي از رايج­ترين تكنيك‌هاي تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز است اخيراً در حوز? علوم ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با اين وجود   مطالعات اندكي در زمينه تأثير تحريك tDCS بر بهبود عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و ادراكي در فعاليت‌هاي بي‌هوازي صورت گرفتهاست.   بنابراين، هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي آثار tDCS بر عملكرد ورزشي، شناختي و پاسخ­هاي ادراكي در حين و پس از فعاليت بيشينه بي‌هوازي بود. روش تحقيـق:   پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، با موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 15 آزمودني مرد تمرين كرد? به­عنوان آزمودني در اين تحقيق شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در 4 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور پيدا كرد. جلسه اول براي آشناسازي با فرآيند تحقيق و اندازه­گيري­هاي پيكرسنجي و در جلسات دوم تا چهارم آزمودني­ها به صورت تصادفي در معرض سه شرايط مختلف شامل 1) تحريك آنودال ناحيه M1؛ 2) تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC چپ؛ و 3) تحريك شَم قرار گرفتند. در هرجلسه، ابتدا تست استروپ و زمان عكس العمل انتخابي اجرا شد. سپس آزمودني‌ها به مدت 20 دقيقه تحريك مغري را دريافت نمودند. پس از اتمام تحريك، آزمودني‌ها تست وينگيت 30 ثانيه‌اي پايين تنه را انجام دادند. در حين اجراي تست وينگيت در هر وهله آمپلي­تود عضلات VL، VM و RF، ميزان درك فشار، حس لذت و ميزان انگيختگي اندازه­گيري شد. پس از اتمام پروتكل تست وينگيت، تست استروپ و زمان عكس­العمل مجددا اندازه­گيري شد.   ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي تحقيق جهت تجزيه و تحليل مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. از روش آنواي يك راهه با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري براي تحليل آماري داده­ها استفاده شد. يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه مقادير اوج توان در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحيه DLPFC   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود (01/0 =p). همچنين نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه آمپلي­تود EMG عضله VM در شرايط تحريك M1 و DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شراط تحريك شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 02/0 =p؛ 036/0 =p). مقادير شاخص خستگي   نيز در شرايط تحريك آنودال DLFPC به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك ناحيه M1   و شم بود (026/0 =p). ميانگين مقادير RPE نيز در شرايط تحريك M1   به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك DLPFC   و شم بود (0001/0 =p). از سوي ديگر، تفاوت معني­داري در نتايج تست شناختي استروپ بين شرايط پيش آزمون و پس آزمون در گروه تحريك dlpfc مشاهده شد (046/0 =p)، اما زمان عكس العمل انتخابي در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري پايين­تر از حالت شم بود(به ترتيب؛ 017/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p).در نهايت، ميانگين مقادير حس لذت در شرايط تحريك M1 و تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت شم بود (به ترتيب؛ 03/0 =p؛ 043/0 =p)   و ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال ناحي? DLPFC و شم   به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت M1 بود (به ترتيب؛ 0001/0 =p؛ 0001/0 =p). نتيـجه­گيـري:

زير بيشين? وامانده­ساز بود.   

single dose of 1 gram of this supplement does not have this benefit.  

مقدمـه: كشتي پهلواني يكي از رشته­هاي ورزشي كهن در ايران است كه از ديرباز مورد توجه طيف گسترده­اي از ورزشكاران در بسياري از شهرهاي اين ديار بوده است. عليرغم اين علاقه، در سال­هاي گذشته يك نگاه حرفه­اي، چه در سطح مديريت و چه در سطح برنامه­هاي تمريني و پايش­هاي مستمر، در اين رشته ورزشي حالم نبوده­است. اخيراً، با بازنگري در قوانين، تغيير در سبك برگزاري و به­روز شدن بسياري از ابعاد اين رشته ورزشي، رويكرد جديدي در اين رشته ورزشي اتخاذ گرديده است كه لازمه آن انجام مطالعات گوناگون در خصوص ابعاد مختلف اين رشته ورزشي است. يكي از زمينه­هاي تحقيقاتي در اين رشته، بررسي وضعيت ورزشكاران اين رشته ورزشي از نظر ويژگي­هاي تركيب بدني، روانشناختي و تغذيه­اي است. لذا، در اين پژوهش كه با هماهنگي با فدراسيون ورزش­هاي زورخانه­اي و كشتي پهلواني ايران انجام پذيرفت، وضعيت نيم­رخ تركيب بدني و ليپيدي، كيفيت زندگي، خودپنداره و دانش تغذيه­اي كشتي­گيران پهلواني شهر كرمانشاه، به­عنوان يكي از ثطب­هاي فعال در اين رشته، مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.     

Abstract Objective: Considering the importance, prevalence and consequences of overweight and obesity and considering the lack of side effects for supplementation with spirulina and the limited number of human studies conducted in this field, this aimed to investigate the effect of 6 HIIT activity week with spirulina supplementation on serum CRP and CK levels and insulin resistance in overweight women. Methodology: 36 healthy overweight women voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into one of the exercise + supplement, exercise + placebo and control groups. Body composition and rest blood sample sizes were taken before the research protocol. After that, the training groups performed the HIIT training program for 6 weeks (three sessions per week of two exercises (eight times based on the distance traveled by 300 meters at the specific time of each person with twice the rest time and running time). A distance of 300 meters was added every two weeks. At the same time, they took a spirulina supplement or placebo, depending on the group in which the subjects were. The supplement + exercise group took two 500 mg capsules daily (before lunch and dinner). The placebo group took similar capsules containing sucrose. Anthropometric measurement and second blood sampling were performed 48 hours after the last training session. Blood samples were analyzed to measure hs-CRP and creatine kinase with standard laboratory kits. Repeated analysis of variance with intergroup factor was used to compare the data of the three groups and Banferoni post hoc test was used to determine the differences. Also, a significant level of P?0.05 was considered for all statistical analyzes. Results: The results of the present study showed that BMI changes were not significant in the three groups (P = 0.964), but body fat data (P = 0.001) and aerobic fitness (P = 0.021) were significant. . Regarding creatine kinase (P = 0.005), CRP (P = 0.001), and IR (P = 0.001), significant changes were observed before and after six weeks of training. The results showed that the reduction of CRP and CK in the supplement + exercise group was more than other groups, especially the control group (P <0.05). Changes in insulin resistance were also significant in the exercise + supplement (P = 0.001) and exercise + placebo (P = 0.004) groups compared to the control group. In general, the difference between both training groups and the control group was significant in all variables and the training + supplement and training + placebo groups did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the present results, 6 weeks of HIIT program with 90% of maximum oxygen consumption has been able to reduce plasma levels of CRP and creatine kinase and insulin resistance index in overweight women. In other words, high-intensity physical activity reduces CRP and creatine kinase levels and insulin resistance in overweight women by increasing metabolism and reducing fat. However, high-intensity interval training (HII) with spirulina supplementation did not significantly reduce these factors compared to HIIT training alone. Keywords: Spirulina supplement, HIIT, overweight, insulin resistance

The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF, NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine Abstract Background: Neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are the most important target of therapeutic interventions. However, the effect of exercise interventions and supplementation on MS has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate The effect of an 8-week aerobic training at home and vitamin D supplementation on serum values of BDNF , NGF, fatigue level and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis During Covid-19 quarantine. Methods: In this randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 40 women (20-40 years old) with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 3-5 were divided into 4 groups including aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D: n=10), aerobic training (AT: n=10), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D: n=10) and control (C: n=10). The aerobic training program consisted of 20-40 minutes of 50-70% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1? were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Also, the 9-item Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF self-report questionnaire were used to assess the fatigue index and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Tukey post hoc test using    software version 26 at a significance level of P <0.05. Results: The results show that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved serum levels of BDNF, NGF, TNF-?, CRP, IL-6, and IL-1?, compared with the control group (P <0.05). However, significant improvements were observed in the mentioned variables in AT and Vit D groups compared to the control. The serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-1? were significantly lower and BDNF and NGF levels were significantly higher in AT+Vit D than AT and Vit D groups. The results of this study also showed a significant difference between AT and Vit D in mentioned variables (serum levels of CRP, TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?, BDNF, and NGF). In addition, after eight weeks, fatigue was significantly reduced in the AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   while, increased in the control group. Quality of life in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups significantly increased compared to the control. The results also show that the quality of life in the AT+Vit D was higher than in the AT and Vit D groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the combination of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation might be one of the therapeutic methods that help improve neurological and inflammatory factors, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS during the COVID-19 quarantine. Keywords: Vitamin D, Exercise, Neurotrophic factors, Cytokines, Coronavirus, Multiple sclerosis   

  Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of internal communication and emotional culture on organizational identity in the Department of Sports and Youth in the west of the country. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of the Department of Sports and Youth of the West (Kermanshah, Ilam, Sanandaj, Lorestan) (4900 people). Due to the impossibility of access to all members, through random-stratified sampling, the desired number has been selected as a sample. Morgan table (357 people) is used to determine the sample size. Out of this number, 335 questionnaires were returned correctly and were used in the analysis. These questionnaires were distributed virtually due to the prevalence of coronavirus. Research questionnaires are taken from the research of Yu et al. (2020). Thus, 6 questions are related to organizational identity, 4 questions are related to emotional culture and 8 questions are related to internal communication. Formal and content validity was confirmed using the opinions of 8 professors of sports management. The validity of the construct was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In the descriptive statistics section (mean, standard deviation, tables, etc.) and    and LISREL software were used to present the model. According to the findings of the above table, internal communication is 0.27 effective on organizational identity and emotional culture is 0.61 effective on organizational identity. Also, the coefficient of significance shows that the indicators are greater than the value of 1.96 and it can be concluded that both variables have a positive and significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, it is suggested that internal communication and emotional culture in the organization be improved. Keywords: Internal communication, emotional culture, organizational identity, sports and youth

Multiple sclerosis MS is a neurodegenerative disease that causes damage to the myelin and plaque in different parts of the neurons in the brain, leading to physical and cognitive impairments. Having proper physical activity and nutrition can help improve the condition of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis.  Results: The results showed an improvement in memory and quality of life in the supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups (p <0.05), although this improvement was more significant in the exercise + supplement group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that 8 weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise at home with red grape juice supplementation on retrospective, daily and futuristic memory function in women with multiple sclerosis improves memory and quality of life in patients. Becomes. But taking supplements alone or exercising alone is less effective than exercising and supplementing at the same time.

   Abstract    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of low and high levels of contextual interference and internal & external focus of attention on learning and transfer of forehand drive among novice table tennis players. The type of research was semi-experimental with pre-test post-test design with the control group. The information was sorted and conducted in the field and the research is considered as an applied research. Method and sampling plan were performed among teenage player who were the members of the Tennis table group in the city of Sanandaj at the beginner level (under education) in table tennis; these people have been randomly selected. The data gathering tool in this research was the Tennis Table Machine TT Matick 505, (2010) of a German Company. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. In the inferential statistics section, for the natural distribution of variables, the distribution of variables was used to test Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The result of this test was carried out on the variables examined by (  ) software for all variable groups and transferring the hypothesis of distribution. Therefore, parametric tests were used to test the hypotheses of the study. Based on the results obtained from the first hypothesis,   (it is proved that ) the effect of interference agent on the variable has a significant difference on the pre-test and post-test of the variables. In order to investigate the in-group differences, using paired t-test, pre-test and post-test status in 4 groups first group, group one 10 beginner players, in terms of internal attention with low interference, group two 10 beginner players , In terms of internal attention with high interference, group three of 10 beginner players, in terms of external attention with lower interference and group four, 10 beginner players, in terms of external attention, have been compared with high interference, compared and reported results. It showed that in every 4 groups, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test of the variable, and remembrance in post-test condition has increased significantly. And according to the second hypothesis, there is a significant difference between the pre- and post-test in groups of one, three and four, and the amount of transmission variables in the post-test condition is lower, but in group two there was no significant difference between the pre- and post-test. In the control group, it was concluded that the pre- and post-test of the transmission variable did not differ significantly, so due to the the control group (investigations), this result is logical. Finally, we can conclude that Group 3 (external attention group with low interference) has better performance than the other groups. Also, in Group 2 (internal attention group with high interference) has had a weaker performance. Keywords: contextual interference, external attention, internal attention, learning, skill, beginner, forehand drive, table tennis.      

in all human societies, and the corona virus and home quarantine, which lasted for two years, have led to the spread of inactivity. The aim of this study was to identify strategies to encourage exercise and physical activity at home in the Covid-19 pandemic among the community: A study of Kermanshah province which was conducted in two parts: In the first part of the study, in an interview The semi-structured was given to a group of sports experts and in the second part, the identified items were given to people living in Kermanshah province in the form of a questionnaire

Abstract Objective: Today, with the spread of food, media advertising and lifestyle changes, the eating habits of children and adolescents have changed. Low-value foods, as attractive, inexpensive and accessible materials, have attracted special attention for children and adolescents, and these materials can have beneficial effects on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. On the other hand, low-value foods can affect the physical fitness of this group of society. Children and adolescents are great assets for the growth and development of any society, and any factor that can develop and improve their physical and mental health should be taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between low-value food consumption and health-related physical fitness factors in male students aged 10-12 years in Kamyaran. Materials & Methods: Out of 1514 students aged 10-12 years in Kamyaran city by multistage cluster sampling method, schools were selected and according to Morgan table, 309 subjects participated in this study. The mean and standard deviation of age was 26.11±0.68 years. In this study, height and weight were measured and body mass index was >Result: There was a significant inverse relationship between low-value food consumption and health-related physical fitness factors including cardio-respiratory endurance, strength and muscular endurance of abdominal muscles and shoulder girdle, and flexibility of lower and posterior muscles (thighs)(P?0.05). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between low-value food consumption and body mass index (P?0.05). There was a significant relationship between low-value food consumption and nutritional knowledge and behavior in the subjects (P?0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between low-value food consumption and nutritional attitude in the< subjects(P<0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between low-value food consumption and irrational food beliefs in the subjects (P<0.05). Conclusions: Considering that in the present study, with increasing the amount of low-value food consumption, students' physical fitness decreased and body mass index increased, and knowledge and ta'd behavior decreased, in case of not paying attention to the high rate of low-value food consumption, we will probably see a high rate of non-communicable diseases in adolescents.   Therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to parents and policy makers in nutrition and physical activities in society and schools and support the national media for these policies. Keywords: Students, Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, Obesity, Low-Value Food   

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) program and citrulline malate (CM) supplement on nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in elite wrestlers. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 28 elite males’ wrestlers (age, 21.9±2.4 y; height 174.5±3.8 cm) were randomly assigned to CM+training, placebo+training and training, while also all groups participating in 6 weeks of HIIT based on wrestling techniques. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and aerobic and anaerobic tests before and after 6 weeks of HIIT program. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 6 weeks. Results: Nitric Oxide level after six weeks of HIIT and CM supplementation showed significant increase comparing to placebo+training (P=0.001) and training (P=0.035) groups. There is no significant difference between other groups for NO (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between upper body anaerobic power (peak power, Mean power and fatigue index) of CM group and placebo group (P=0.22), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Among all body composition data after six week HIIT just FFM of CM+training group showed significant increase comparing placebo and training group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Daily CM supplementation during six weeks of HIIT training increases serum NO levels and upper body anaerobic power in elite male wrestlers comparing HIIT alone.   

    Background. Considering Chlorella Vulgaris role in improving immune function, purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of HIIT training and Chlorella vulgaris supplements on levels of oxidative stress markers in overweight men.Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects in this study (22.8 ± 1.2 yrs; 27.1 ± 9.66 BMI) were randomly assigned into three groups (10 N): supplement + exercise, placebo + training and training groups. Before and 48 hours after the end of 6 weeks of HIIT training, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for interleukin-6, insulin and glucose levels measurements. The participants' training program included 6 weeks of intensive HIIT progressive exercise. Subjects of the supplement group received chlorella vulgaris supplementation (300 mg) every four time daily for six weeks, and the placebo group consumed Sucrose tablets similar to chlorella   tab. Significance level (P <0.05) was used for all data analyzes.Results: The results showed that chlorella vulgaris supplementation with HIIT exercises significantly decreased MDA and NO compared to other groups (P <0.05). Also, PC levels when comparing the three groups showed a significant decrease in the supplement + exercise group compared to the training group but did not show significant differences with placebo + training group (P <0.05). Body composition results showed a decrease in body fat and an increase in aerobic fitness of subjects in the exercise + supplement group compared to other groups (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that six weeks of HIIT training with supplementation of chlorella vulgaris caused MDA, NO, PC levels in overweight men.  Keywords: Interval Training, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, malondialdehyde , protein Carbonyl, Nitrite oxide

The study of objective and subjective variables of overtraining in female soccer players during the soccer premier league

  The aim of this study is a comparison between the effects of two types of active recovery and cold water immersion on Hemolysis factors after one session practicing volleyball. This research has been done with a Quasi-experimental design and repeated measures of pre-test, post-test and follow up test. Ten women as volleyball player took part in this study (age 22.20± 3.39 years, weight 63.77 ± 8.11 kg, and High 165.10±7.09 cm). Practice protocol includes two sessions and every session took long 90 minutes practice with the interval of one week. Every session consisted of 30 minutes general and specialized warm up, 45 minutes practice of volleyball's techniques, and 15 minutes recovery. At the end of the first session, active and routine recoveries in volleyball field including jogging with tensional moves were applied. In addition, cold water immersion with 10 degrees centigrade shoulder-high was done at the end of the second session. Venous blood sampling with the aim of estimating the effect of practice in recoveries on hemolysis factors before practice, after practice, immediately after recovery, and 24 hours after recoveries, has been done from anti-cubital vein. Statistical analysis was run through Variance analysis with repeated measures and LSD test for comparing multiple pairwise for assessing averages difference with the level of confidence (p<./05). The results showed that after a volleyball training session with active and routine recovery, the measure of HGB, HCT, and RBC are decreased significantly after practice in compare to their levels before practice. Also, Bilirubin T, Bilirubin ind are increased significantly. However, 24 hours after practice in compare to immediately after practice, there was a significant decrease in Bilirubin T and a significant increase in MCV. Furthermore, comparison of hemolysis factors in recovery of cold water immersion indicated fewer modifications in compare to active recovery. What is important is the lack of meaningful difference in all factors. With respect to modifications made in factors, increasing Bilirubin, and controlling plasma volume, these findings can be a sing of hemolysis on a day after volleyball practice. Furthermore, based on statistical results, the types of recovery did not have any meaningful effect on hemolysis factors.

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  Abstarct:       Background: One of the most important body responses during ascend to altitude is weight loss, that its one of the ways to prevent obesity-related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of 6 weeks HIIT training in the conditions of hypoxia and normoxia on liver enzymes levels and Maximum fat oxidation in overweight women. Material and Methods: in thise study 20 overweight female and non-athletes participated Voluntary and after recall and were divided into two equal groups. They were allocated randomly in either HIIT training in Normoxia conditions group (age:27.50±3.536 and BMI: 26.94±2.03) or to HIIT training in Hypoxia conditions group (age:26.80±4.05 and BMI:27.38±1.49). Both of groups performed HIIT training for six weeks and three times a week. The HIIT sessions consisted of intervals of 30-s work at 90% VO2peak and 30-s inactive rest, and increased by 5 min every week to reach 45 min in the last week. All exercise sessions started with unloaded 5-min warm-up cycling and ended with unloaded 5-min cool-down cycling at a cadence of 70 rpm. Blood samples were obtained 48 hours before and after six weeks of HIIT training in fasting state. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to normalize the data distribution. Changes of data was analyzed by dependent and independed t-test, at the significant level of P<0.05 and using    version 21. Results: These findings suggest that 18 sessions high-intensity interval training significantly reduced weight and body mass index. It also significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and significantly increased the maximum fat oxidation. But the level of alanine aminotransferase and lipid Profiles only in the normoxia group significantly decreased.    Conclusion: According to the results of this study can be concluded that HIIT training in hypoxic conditions is likely to postpone a preventive method for diseases associated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, the HIIT training as an non-invasive and non-pharmacological method is considered   that obese and   inactive individuals is recommended. Key words: Hypoxia, HIIT, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, MFO.

چاقي و اضافه‌وزن به همراه اختلالات ليپيدي و متابوليكي مرتبط با آن، يكي از نگراني‌هاي بسيار مهم در جهان امروز است. اخيرا تمرينات تناوبي پرشدت (HIIT) براي كاهش وزن بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراين هدف ما بررسي و مقايسه اثر حاد يك جلسه تمرين تناوبي پرشدت و تمرين هوازي بر نيمرخ چربي دختران داراي اضافه وزن است. به اين منظور ?? دختر جوان داراي اضافه وزن به روش نمونه­گيري غير­تصادفي در دسترس انتخاب شدند و همه آزمودني­ها در هر دو نوع تمرين شركت كردند. قبل از شروع آزمون، اندازه‌گيري‌هاي شاخص‌هايي از قبيل قد، وزن و شاخص توده بدن (BMI) انجام شد. تمرينات به صورت تك جلسه­اي انجام شد كه شامل يك جلسه تمرين HIIT و يك جلسه تمرين هوازي بود. براي اجراي پروتكل تمريني HIIT از ? تكرار ?? ثانيه‌اي آزمون وينگيت استفاده شد، به اين صورت كه آزمودني‌ها ?? دقيقه گرم كردن را بدون بار   انجام دادند، سپس به مدت ? دقيقه با سرعت ?? دور در دقيقه ركاب زدند و در نهايت ?? ثانيه با نهايت سرعت ركاب زدند. براي انجام تمرين هوازي آزمودني­ها بعد از ?? دقيقه گرم كردن، به مدت ?? دقيقه با شدت ?? درصد ضربان قلب حداكثر بر روي تردميل دويدند. نمونه­هاي خوني بلافاصله قبل و بعد از هر جلسه تمرين از وريد سفاليك آزمودني­ها در حالت ناشتا براي اندازه‌گيري سطوح نيمرخ چربي جمع آوري گرديد. سطوح نيمرخ چربي بعد از تمرينات HIIT بدون تغيير بود. با اين حال بعد از تمرين هوازي افزايش معنادار سطح HDL مشاهده شد. همچنين مقايسه نتايج دو جلسه تمريني نشان داد كه در تمرين HIIT سطوح كلسترول تام و LDL كاهش بيشتري داشت. به طور كلي تمرين هوازي را مي‌توان به عنوان روشي موثر براي بهبود سطوح نيمرخ چربي در نظر گرفت. همچنين مي‌توان از تمرين HIIT براي اين منظور و به عنوان روشي نوين و مفرح براي بهبود سطوح چربي خون بهره گرفت.

  EFFECT   of linear and non linear resistance trainingperiodization on muscle strength in women with Multiple sclerosis(MS)

  The Impact of Organizational Identity and Organizational Culture On OrganizationalImage of Sport and Youth Office of Tehran

The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the CPK kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced creatine kinase elevations (cellular damage indices).

    The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the LDH kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced lactate dehydrogenase elevations (cellular damage indices).Keywords: coenzyme Q10 supplement, lactate dehydrogenase, exhaustive Bruce test.